North America Concept

subject area of

• 14 Antithrombotic treatment of cerebrovascular disease  Academic Article
• A Quantitative Analysis of Research Publications in Physical Therapy Journals  Academic Article
• A Shift on the Horizon  Academic Article
• A Systematic Review of the Relationships between Intimate Partner Violence and HIV/AIDS  Academic Article
• A scoping review of the literature on the current mental health status of physicians and physicians-in-training in North America  Academic Article
• Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy in Sub-Saharan Africa and North America  Academic Article
• Aerobic capacity in adults with tetralogy of Fallot  Academic Article
• Age and sex differences, and changing trends, in the use of evidence-based therapies in acute coronary syndromes: perspectives from a multinational registry  Academic Article
• An international, multicentre evaluation and description of Burkholderia pseudomallei infection in cystic fibrosis  Academic Article
• Analysis of Canis mitochondrial DNA demonstrates high concordance between the control region and ATPase genes  Academic Article
• Analysis of IFT74as a candidate gene for chromosome 9p-linked ALS-FTD  Academic Article
• Aneurysmal SubArachnoid Hemorrhage—Red Blood Cell Transfusion And Outcome (SAHaRA): a pilot randomised controlled trial protocol  Academic Article
• Antithrombotic Therapy in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention  Academic Article
• Are laboratories following published recommendations for lupus anticoagulant testing?  Academic Article
• Armadillos exhibit less genetic polymorphism in North America than in South America: nuclear and mitochondrial data confirm a founder effect in Dasypus novemcinctus (Xenarthra)  Academic Article
• Associations of Body Mass Index, Motor Performance, and Perceived Athletic Competence with Physical Activity in Normal Weight and Overweight Children  Academic Article
• Attitudes Toward Chiropractic  Academic Article
• Autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma patients <60 vs ⩾60 years of age  Academic Article
• Availability and Use of Palliative Care and End-of-Life Services for Pediatric Oncology Patients  Academic Article
• Back to the future? Active learning of medical physiology in the 1900s  Academic Article
• Benefit of Oral Anticoagulant Over Antiplatelet Therapy in Atrial Fibrillation Depends on the Quality of International Normalized Ratio Control Achieved by Centers and Countries as Measured by Time in Therapeutic Range  Academic Article
• Bismuth-Based Quadruple Therapy Using a Single Capsule of Bismuth Biskalcitrate, Metronidazole, and Tetracycline Given With Omeprazole Versus Omeprazole, Amoxicillin, and Clarithromycin for Eradication of Helicobacter pylori in Duodenal Ulcer Patients: a Prospective, Randomized, Multicenter, North American Trial  Academic Article
• Bridging therapy in patients on long-term oral anticoagulants who require surgery: the Prospective Peri-operative Enoxaparin Cohort Trial (PROSPECT)  Academic Article
• CANDOO and CANOAR, CORRONA and more: advancing therapeutics through layered-in clinical data collection and feedback at the point of care.  Academic Article
• COVID-19 and people experiencing homelessness: challenges and mitigation strategies  Academic Article
• Caring for patients with pain during the COVID ‐19 pandemic: consensus recommendations from an international expert panel  Academic Article
• Causal Relationship between Obesity and Vitamin D Status: Bi-Directional Mendelian Randomization Analysis of Multiple Cohorts  Academic Article
• Changes in the Epidemiology of Thalassemia in North America: A New Minority Disease  Academic Article
• Child Psychological Abuse  Academic Article
• Childhood, adolescent and adult age at onset and related clinical correlates in obsessive–compulsive disorder: a report from the International College of Obsessive–Compulsive Spectrum Disorders (ICOCS)  Academic Article
• Cholera vaccination: a decision analysis.  Academic Article
• Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Young and Very Young Adults With Heart Failure  Academic Article
• Clinical features and contemporary management of patients with low and preserved ejection fraction heart failure: baseline characteristics of patients in the Candesartan in Heart failure-Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) programme  Academic Article
• Clinical, physiological, and histological features in a kindred with the T3271C MELAS mutation  Academic Article
• Clinical–MRI Correlations in a Multiethnic Cohort with Recent Lacunar Stroke: The SPS3 Trial  Academic Article
• Clonal Expansion of the Pseudogymnoascus destructans Genotype in North America Is Accompanied by Significant Variation in Phenotypic Expression  Academic Article
• Comparing estimates of influenza-associated hospitalization and death among adults with congestive heart failure based on how influenza season is defined  Academic Article
• Complete Columbian mammoth mitogenome suggests interbreeding with woolly mammoths  Academic Article
• Confusion Over the Therapeutic Range for Monitoring Oral Anticoagulant Therapy in North America  Academic Article
• Consensus Document: Antithrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing coronary stenting  Academic Article
• Contribution of cardiac and extra-cardiac disease burden to risk of cardiovascular outcomes varies by ejection fraction in heart failure  Academic Article
• Cross-border fertility services in North America: a survey of Canadian and American providers  Academic Article
• Cross-cultural development and psychometric evaluation of a measure to assess fear of childbirth prior to pregnancy  Academic Article
• Cross-cultural equivalence in depression assessment: Japan-Europe-North American study  Academic Article
• Cross-national time trends in bullying victimization in 33 countries among children aged 11, 13 and 15 from 2002 to 2010  Academic Article
• Current Practice in the Intramedullary Nailing of Tibial Shaft Fractures: An International Survey  Academic Article
• Current Quality of Gynecologic Cancer Care in North America  Academic Article
• Current practice of neonatal resuscitation documentation in North America: a multi-center retrospective chart review  Academic Article
• Demographic expansion and genetic load of the halophyte model plant Eutrema salsugineum  Academic Article
• Depression, Migraine With Aura and Migraine Without Aura: Their Familiality and Interrelatedness  Academic Article
• Descriptive epidemiology of asthma  Academic Article
• Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections in North American Women by Testing SurePath Liquid-Based Pap Specimens in APTIMA Assays  Academic Article
• Development of North American Consensus Guidelines for Medical Laboratories That Perform and Interpret Platelet Function Testing Using Light Transmission Aggregometry  Academic Article
• Diagnostic testing for α-globin gene disorders in a heterogeneous North American population  Academic Article
• Diagnostic utility of alarm features for colorectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis  Academic Article
• Differences in content and organisational aspects of pulmonary rehabilitation programmes  Academic Article
• Distribution of gastric ulcers by double contrast barium meal with endoscopic correlation.  Academic Article
• Does Lifelong Training Temper Age-Related Decline in Sport Performance? Interpreting Differences Between Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Data  Academic Article
• Does the Level of Evidence of Paper Presentations at the Arthroscopy Association of North America Annual Meetings From 2006-2010 Correlate With the 5-Year Publication Rate or the Impact Factor of the Publishing Journal?  Academic Article
• Dynamic Properties of the 1966–1971 Canadian Spatial Population System  Academic Article
• Early life predictive markers of liver disease outcome in an International, Multicentre Cohort of children with Alagille syndrome  Academic Article
• Eco-Evolutionary Theory and Insect Outbreaks  Academic Article
• Economic evaluation of the prophylaxis for thromboembolism in critical care trial (E-PROTECT): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial  Academic Article
• Effect of Metformin vs Placebo on and Metabolic Factors in NCIC CTG MA.32  Academic Article
• Effects of personal factors on the destination choice patterns of Canadian immigrants: an evaluation within a multivariate framework.  Academic Article
• Elevated lipoprotein(a) levels in South Asians in North America  Academic Article
• Emergency Medical Services Intervals and Survival in Trauma: Assessment of the “Golden Hour” in a North American Prospective Cohort  Academic Article
• Employment and work safety among 12 to 14 year olds: listening to parents  Academic Article
• Enoxaparin Prevents Death and Cardiac Ischemic Events in Unstable Angina/Non–Q-Wave Myocardial Infarction  Academic Article
• Eosinophilic, Solid, and Cystic Renal Cell Carcinoma  Academic Article
• Epidemiological Aspects of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Europe and North America  Academic Article
• Ethnic Differences in Atrial Fibrillation Identified Using Implanted Cardiac Devices  Academic Article
• Failure Mechanisms and Neoatherosclerosis Patterns in Very Late Drug-Eluting and Bare-Metal Stent Thrombosis  Academic Article
• Failure to perceive increased risk of fracture in women 55 years and older: the Global Longitudinal Study of Osteoporosis in Women (GLOW)  Academic Article
• Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection and Other Conditions in Children  Academic Article
• Fixation using alternative implants for the treatment of hip fractures (FAITH): design and rationale for a multi-centre randomized trial comparing sliding hip screws and cancellous screws on revision surgery rates and quality of life in the treatment of femoral neck fractures  Academic Article
• Forecasting models for human resources in health care  Academic Article
• Frailty and Fracture, Disability, and Falls: A Multiple Country Study From the Global Longitudinal Study of Osteoporosis in Women  Academic Article
• Frequency of Screening and SBT Technique Trial - North American Weaning Collaboration (FAST-NAWC): a protocol for a multicenter, factorial randomized trial  Academic Article
• Frequency, Predictors, and Consequences of Crossing Over to Revascularization Within 12 Months of Randomization to Optimal Medical Therapy in the Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation (COURAGE) Trial  Academic Article
• Gender Differences in Radiation Dose From Nuclear Cardiology Studies Across the World  Academic Article
• Geographical Differences in Human Oral Yeast Flora  Academic Article
• Global Discrepancies in the Diagnosis, Surgical Management, and Investigation of Femoroacetabular Impingement  Academic Article
• Glucose levels are associated with cardiovascular disease and death in an international cohort of normal glycaemic and dysglycaemic men and women: the EpiDREAM cohort study  Academic Article
• Health status of children with moderate to severe cerebral palsy  Academic Article
• Healthcare provider knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices surrounding the prescription of opioids for chronic non-cancer pain in North America: protocol for a mixed-method systematic review  Academic Article
• Heterogeneity of information regarding inhibitors in the product monographs of antihaemophilic factors in North America  Academic Article
• How diet modification challenges are magnified in vulnerable or marginalized people with diabetes and heart disease: a systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis.  Academic Article
• How old is old? Revising the definition based on life table criteria  Academic Article
• Identification of Genetic Loci Underlying the Phenotypic Constructs of Autism Spectrum Disorders  Academic Article
• Identification of Multiple Genetic Susceptibility Loci in Takayasu Arteritis  Academic Article
• Identification of Susceptibility Loci inIL6,RPS9/LILRB3, and an Intergenic Locus on Chromosome 21q22 in Takayasu Arteritis in a Genome-Wide Association Study  Academic Article
• Impacts of low-skilled immigration on the internal migration of the U.S.-born low-skilled Americans in the United States: an assessment in a multivariate context.  Academic Article
• Improving the Provision of Enteral Nutrition in the Intensive Care Unit  Academic Article
• Income, self-selection, and return and onward interprovincial migration in Canada.  Academic Article
• Influenza Vaccination and Decisional Conflict among Regulated and Unregulated Direct Nursing Care Providers in Long-Term–Care Homes  Academic Article
• Initial human transmission dynamics of the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus in North America  Academic Article
• Integrating complementary and alternative medicine into academic medical centers: Experience and perceptions of nine leading centers in North America  Academic Article
• Internal Migration of the Foreign-Born in Canada  Academic Article
• International approaches to the prescription of long-term oxygen therapy  Academic Article
• Interpreting Change Scores for Pain and Functional Status in Low Back Pain  Academic Article
• Interventions for implementation of thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized patients at risk for venous thromboembolism  Academic Article
• Invited Commentary  Academic Article
• Is There a Risk to Humans from Consuming Octopus Species from Sites with High Environmental Levels of Metals?  Academic Article
• Joint effects of ecological and personal factors on elderly interprovincial migration in Canada.  Academic Article
• Laboratory monitoring of oral anticoagulant therapy.  Academic Article
• Laboratory testing for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is inconsistent in North America: A survey of North American specialized coagulation laboratories  Academic Article
• Larazotide Acetate for Persistent Symptoms of Celiac Disease Despite a Gluten-Free Diet: A Randomized Controlled Trial  Academic Article
• Latent heat exchange in the boreal and arctic biomes  Academic Article
• Leadership styles, emotion regulation, and burnout.  Academic Article
• Level of Clinical Evidence Presented at the Arthroscopy Association of North America Annual Meeting Over 10 Years (2006-2015)  Academic Article
• Levels of care in the intensive care unit: a research program.  Academic Article
• Long-Term Effect of Endothelin Receptor Antagonism With Bosentan on the Morbidity and Mortality of Patients With Severe Chronic Heart Failure: Primary Results of the ENABLE Trials  Academic Article
• Low Levels of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Stable Ischemic Heart Disease Patients  Academic Article
• METROPOLITAN AND NON-METROPOLITAN POPULATION TRENDS IN CANADA, 1966–1982  Academic Article
• Macro-effects of changes in household preferences for children  Academic Article
• Marital status and gender affect stage, tumor grade, treatment type and cancer specific mortality in T1–2 N0 M0 renal cell carcinoma  Academic Article
• Medical migration: who are the real losers?  Academic Article
• Meta-analytic results of ethnic group differences in peer victimization  Academic Article
• Metropolitan Out-Migration of Elderly Females in Canada: Characterization and Explanation  Academic Article
• Modern Conceptions of Elite Medical Practice Among Internal Medicine Faculty Members  Academic Article
• Moisture‐driven shift in the climate sensitivity of white spruce xylem anatomical traits is coupled to large‐scale oscillation patterns across northern treeline in northwest North America  Academic Article
• Mutations in cholesteryl ester transfer protein and hepatic lipase in a North American population  Academic Article
• NASPGHAN Capsule Endoscopy Clinical Report  Academic Article
• Natal homing in juvenile loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta)  Academic Article
• Nested logit model and maximum quasi-likelihood method  Academic Article
• Non-random association between alleles detected at D4S95 and D4S98 and the Huntington's disease gene.  Academic Article
• North American Vasovagal Pacemaker Study: Study Design and Organization  Academic Article
• North American and British guidelines for anti-thrombotic therapy: are we reaching consensus?  Conference Paper
• North American matsutake: names clarified and a new species described  Academic Article
• Nutrition Support for Pediatric Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Clinical Report of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition  Academic Article
• Operative Management of Displaced Femoral Neck Fractures in Elderly Patients  Academic Article
• Our white coats are not armour. Protecting physicians in the doctor-patient relationship.  Academic Article
• Out of America: Ancient DNA Evidence for a New World Origin of Late Quaternary Woolly Mammoths  Academic Article
• Outcome measures for clinical research in sepsis: A report of the 2nd Cambridge Colloquium of the International Sepsis Forum  Academic Article
• PANLAR consensus statement on biosimilars  Academic Article
• PRIMARY, RETURN AND ONWARD MIGRATION IN THE U.S. AND CANADA: IS THERE A DIFFERENCE?  Academic Article
• PRevalence of Abuse and Intimate Partner Violence Surgical Evaluation (P.R.A.I.S.E.): rationale and design of a multi-center cross-sectional study.  Academic Article
• Patient and healthcare professional factors influencing end-of-life decision-making during critical illness: A systematic review*  Academic Article
• Performance of Kidney Injury Molecule-1 and Liver Fatty Acid-Binding Protein and Combined Biomarkers of AKI after Cardiac Surgery  Academic Article
• Perioperative heart-type fatty acid binding protein is associated with acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery  Academic Article
• Pharmacological treatment strategies in obsessive compulsive disorder: A cross-sectional view in nine international OCD centers  Academic Article
• Phenotypic Divergence along Geographic Gradients Reveals Potential for Rapid Adaptation of the White-Nose Syndrome Pathogen,Pseudogymnoascus destructans, in North America  Academic Article
• Practice patterns of mitochondrial disease physicians in North America. Part 1: Diagnostic and clinical challenges  Academic Article
• Pre-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Acute Coronary Syndromes: Insights from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events and the Canadian Registry of Acute Coronary Events  Academic Article
• Predicting West Nile virus transmission in North American bird communities using phylogenetic mixed effects models and eBird citizen science data  Academic Article
• Predicting international medical graduate success on college certification examinations: responding to the Thomson and Cohl judicial report on IMG selection.  Academic Article
• Preface  Academic Article
• Preoperative proteinuria predicts acute kidney injury in patients undergoing cardiac surgery  Academic Article
• Prevalence and Outcomes of Achromobacter Species Infections in Adults with Cystic Fibrosis: a North American Cohort Study  Academic Article
• Prevalence and characteristics of asthma in the aquatic disciplines  Academic Article
• Promoting long-term care quality assurance: strategies used in Europe and North America.  Academic Article
• Protein C Assay Performance  Academic Article
• Provincial Out-Migration Patterns of Canadian Elderly: Characterization and Explanation  Academic Article
• Psychiatry and Family Medicine: Sharing Care  Academic Article
• Public policy and the market for dental services  Academic Article
• Quality of life with ablation or medical therapy for ventricular arrhythmias: A substudy of VANISH  Academic Article
• Quality of reporting of surveys in critical care journals  Conference Paper
• RAD sequencing and genomic simulations resolve hybrid origins within North American Canis  Academic Article
• RETURN AND ONWARD MIGRATIONS IN CANADA, 1976-1981: AN EXPLANATION BASED ON PERSONAL AND ECOLOGICAL VARIABLES  Academic Article
• Regional and age-related variations in the proportions of hip fractures and major fractures among postmenopausal women: the Global Longitudinal Study of Osteoporosis in Women  Academic Article
• Relation of circulating cardiac myosin light chain 1 isoform in stable severe congestive heart failure to survival and treatment with flosequinan  Academic Article
• Relationships between the use of pharmacomechanical catheter-directed thrombolysis, sonographic findings, and clinical outcomes in patients with acute proximal DVT: Results from the ATTRACT Multicenter Randomized Trial  Academic Article
• Research in medical education: three decades of progress  Academic Article
• Residual economic burden of Streptococcus pneumoniae- and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae- associated disease following vaccination with PCV-7: A multicountry analysis  Academic Article
• Results of the North American trial of piperacillin/tazobactam compared with clindamycin and gentamicin in the treatment of severe intra-abdominal infections. Investigators of the Piperacillin/Tazobactam Intra-abdominal Infection Study Group.  Academic Article
• Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium–Amiodarone, Lidocaine or Placebo Study (ROC-ALPS): Rationale and methodology behind an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest antiarrhythmic drug trial  Academic Article
• Rethinking Post-1945 Migration to Canada: Towards a Political Economy of Labour Migration  Academic Article
• Rheumatoid arthritis: beyond the lymphocyte.  Academic Article
• Risk of resistance to highly active antiretroviral therapy among HIV-positive injecting drug users: a meta-analysis  Academic Article
• Rivaroxaban for Preventing Venous Thromboembolism in High-Risk Ambulatory Patients with Cancer: Rationale and Design of the CASSINI Trial  Academic Article
• Rivaroxaban versus enoxaparin after total knee arthroplasty  Academic Article
• SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF DISCRETE-TIME, AGE-DISAGGREGATED INTERREGIONAL POPULATION SYSTEMS*  Academic Article
• Safety and efficacy results of the advanced renal cell carcinoma sorafenib expanded access program in North America  Academic Article
• Safety of enzalutamide in patients with metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer previously treated with docetaxel: Expanded access in North America  Academic Article
• Seasonal variability of forest sensitivity to heat and drought stresses: A synthesis based on carbon fluxes from North American forest ecosystems  Academic Article
• Seasonality of conception in hutterite colonies of Europe (1758–1881) and North America (1858–1964)  Academic Article
• Sex-Specific Determinants of Outcomes After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement  Academic Article
• Significant variation in mortality and functional outcome after acute ischaemic stroke between western countries: data from the tinzaparin in acute ischaemic stroke trial (TAIST)  Academic Article
• SodiUm SeleniTe Adminstration IN Cardiac Surgery (SUSTAIN CSX-trial): study design of an international multicenter randomized double-blinded controlled trial of high dose sodium-selenite administration in high-risk cardiac surgical patients  Academic Article
• Solar insolation in springtime influences age of onset of bipolar I disorder  Academic Article
• South-North Immigrants' Settlement and Opportunity Structures in the U.S.  Academic Article
• Spatial Distribution and Redistribution of Immigrants in the Metropolitan United States, 1980 and 1990  Academic Article
• Spatial patterns of neutral and functional genetic variations reveal patterns of local adaptation in raccoon (Procyon lotor) populations exposed to raccoon rabies  Academic Article
• Spousal homicide.  Academic Article
• Stroke-prevention strategies in North American patients with atrial fibrillation: The GLORIA-AF registry program  Academic Article
• Students' sexual knowledge, attitudes toward sex, and willingness to treat sexual concerns.  Academic Article
• Successful and unsuccessful contraceptors: a multivariate typology.  Academic Article
• Survey of Bandage Lens Use in North America, October???December 2002  Academic Article
• Systems of care: transition from the bio-psycho-social perspective of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health  Academic Article
• The Global Longitudinal Study of Osteoporosis in Women (GLOW): rationale and study design  Academic Article
• The Impact of New Clinical Guidelines on the North American Blood Economy  Academic Article
• The Prevalence of Low Back Pain in Adults: A Methodological Review of the Literature  Academic Article
• The Prognostic Significance of Bundle Branch Block in High-Risk Chronic Stable Vascular Disease Patients: A Report from the HOPE Trial  Academic Article
• The Response of Aggregate Production to Fertility-Induced Changes in Population Age Distribution  Academic Article
• The economics of health information technology in medication management: a systematic review of economic evaluations  Academic Article
• The evolutionary and phylogeographic history of woolly mammoths: a comprehensive mitogenomic analysis  Academic Article
• The international EC/IC bypass study.  Academic Article
• The politics of nutrition in North America  Academic Article
• The potential of peptide immunotherapy in allergy and asthma  Academic Article
• The reporting of methodological factors in randomized controlled trials and the association with a journal policy to promote adherence to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) checklist  Academic Article
• Transforming Long-Term Care Pain Management in North America: The Policy–Clinical Interface: Table 1  Academic Article
• Treatment outcomes in patients with opioid use disorder initiated by prescription: a systematic review protocol  Academic Article
• Trend in injury-related mortality and morbidity among adolescents across 30 countries from 2002 to 2010  Academic Article
• Trends in Gynecologic Cancer Care in North America  Academic Article
• Trends in the co-occurrence of tobacco and cannabis use in 15-year-olds from 2002 to 2010 in 28 countries of Europe and North America  Academic Article
• Understanding the population structure of North American patients with cystic fibrosis  Academic Article
• Unlocking the forest inventory data: relating individual tree performance to unmeasured environmental factors  Academic Article
• Using latent trajectory analysis of residuals to detect response shift in general health among patients with multiple sclerosis article  Academic Article
• Validation of the Colorado Retinopathy of Prematurity Screening Model  Academic Article
• Variability in clinical laboratory practice in testing for disorders of platelet function  Academic Article
• Variation in Current Management of Term and Late-preterm Neonates at Risk for Early-onset Sepsis  Academic Article
• Variation in diurnal sedation in mechanically ventilated patients who are managed with a sedation protocol alone or a sedation protocol and daily interruption  Academic Article
• Variations in Cause and Management of Atrial Fibrillation in a Prospective Registry of 15 400 Emergency Department Patients in 46 Countries  Academic Article
• West Nile Virus  Conference Paper
• Women Find It Easy and Prefer to Collect Their Own Vaginal Swabs to Diagnose Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections  Conference Paper
• Worldwide variability in deceased organ donation registries  Academic Article
• Évaluation de l’aptitude à la conduite en Amérique du Nord  Academic Article