India Concept

subject area of

• A Comparison of Lead Placement Through the Subclavian Vein Technique With Fluoroscopy-Guided Axillary Vein Technique for Permanent Pacemaker Insertion  Journal Articles
• A Train of Hope, and a Chance to Train  Journal Articles
• A comparison of practice patterns for acute myocardial infarction between hospitals in Canada and India.  Journal Articles
• A qualitative investigation of optimal perinatal health: the perspectives of south Asian grandmothers living in southern Ontario, Canada  Journal Articles
• AGGRESSIVE POSTERIOR RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY IN ASIAN INDIAN BABIES  Journal Articles
• Accelerated versus standard care in hip fracture patients: does speed save lives?  Journal Articles
• Access to Cardiac Rehabilitation Among South-Asian Patients by Referral Method: A Qualitative Study  Journal Articles
• Activating the knowledge-to-action cycle for geriatric care in India  Journal Articles
• Addressing air pollution in India: Innovative strategies for sustainable solutions.  Journal Articles
• Addressing healthcare needs of people living below the poverty line: a rapid assessment of the Andhra Pradesh Health Insurance Scheme.  Journal Articles
• Adiposity and mortality in South Asians: challenges to the existing paradigm  Journal Articles
• Adiposity measures and their validity in estimating risk of hypertension in South Asian children: a cross-sectional study  Journal Articles
• Adverse health impacts of cooking with kerosene: A multi-country analysis within the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology Study  Journal Articles
• An Exploration of Socioeconomic, Spiritual, and Family Support Among HIV-Positive Women in India  Journal Articles
• Anemia and adverse outcomes in pregnancy: subgroup analysis of the CLIP cluster-randomized trial in India  Journal Articles
• Anthropometric studies of 1000 consecutive newborns with special reference to determine criteria in prematurity.  Journal Articles
• Appropriateness-based reimbursement of elective invasive coronary procedures in low- and middle-income countries: Preliminary assessment of feasibility in India.  Journal Articles
• Assessing the gain in diagnostic performance when two visual inspection methods are combined for cervical cancer prevention  Journal Articles
• Assessment of functional ability of nonambulatory patients with obesity: after and before bariatric surgery  Journal Articles
• Association between plasma cortisol and death or vasopressor refractory hypotension in preterm neonates: a prospective, cohort study  Journal Articles
• Association of Household Wealth Index, Educational Status, and Social Capital with Hypertension Awareness, Treatment, and Control in South Asia  Journal Articles
• Attitudes Toward Tuberculosis of Final Year Medical Students From Canada, India, and Uganda  Journal Articles
• Availability and affordability of cardiovascular disease medicines and their effect on use in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: an analysis of the PURE study data  Journal Articles
• Availability and affordability of cardiovascular disease medicines and their effect on use in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: an analysis of the PURE study data.  Journal Articles
• Bias towards dementia: Are hip fracture trials excluding too many patients? A systematic review  Journal Articles
• Blood Culture Confirmed Bacterial Sepsis in Neonates in a North Indian Tertiary Care Center: Changes over the Last Decade  Journal Articles
• Blood pressure thresholds in pregnancy for identifying maternal and infant risk: a secondary analysis of Community-Level Interventions for Pre-eclampsia (CLIP) trial data  Journal Articles
• Burden, determinants, consequences and care of multimorbidity in rural and urbanising Telangana, India: protocol for a mixed-methods study within the APCAPS cohort  Journal Articles
• Can We Stop the Current Epidemic of Blindness From Retinopathy of Prematurity?  Journal Articles
• Can evidence-based health policy from high-income countries be applied to lower-income countries: considering barriers and facilitators to an organ donor registry in Mumbai, India  Journal Articles
• CardioPulse ArticlesLeaders in cardiovascular medicineSalim Yusuf MD: the physician who wants to improve the world's cardiovascular healthSpreading the success of cardiovascular medicine worldwideWomen in Cardiology: Elyse Foster MDCentre of excellenceCardiocentro Ticino in Lugano, Switzerland  Journal Articles
• Cardiovascular disease in India: lessons learnt & challenges ahead.  Journal Articles
• Cardiovascular disease, mortality, and their associations with modifiable risk factors in a multi-national South Asia cohort: a PURE substudy  Journal Articles
• Cardiovascular risk factor reduction by community health workers in rural India: A cluster randomized trial  Journal Articles
• Causes and circumstances of maternal death: a secondary analysis of the Community-Level Interventions for Pre-eclampsia (CLIP) trials cohort  Journal Articles
• Causes, consequences, and policy responses to the migration of health workers: key findings from India  Journal Articles
• Celebrity endorsements, whitening products, and consumer purchase intentions: A review of literature  Journal Articles
• Changing profile of Budd Chiari syndrome in India.  Journal Articles
• Ciprofloxacin Administration to Very Low Birth Weight Babies has no Effect on Linear Growth in Infancy  Journal Articles
• Clinical research and trials in developing countries  Journal Articles
• Clonal Expansion and Emergence of Environmental Multiple-Triazole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus Strains Carrying the TR34/L98H Mutations in the cyp51A Gene in India  Journal Articles
• Clustering of diet, physical activity and overweight in parents and offspring in South India  Journal Articles
• Community influences on intimate partner violence in India: Women's education, attitudes towards mistreatment and standards of living  Journal Articles
• Comparison of Risk Factor Reduction and Tolerability of a Full-Dose Polypill (With Potassium) Versus Low-Dose Polypill (Polycap) in Individuals at High Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases  Journal Articles
• Comparison of one-anastomosis gastric bypass and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for treatment of obesity: a 5-year study  Journal Articles
• Cornu-cutaneum. A case report.  Journal Articles
• Coronary artery disease in South Asians. Second meeting of the International Working Group. 16 March 1997, Anaheim, California.  Journal Articles
• Coronary heart disease and its risk factors in first-generation immigrant Asian Indians to the United States of America.  Journal Articles
• Cost-effectiveness of inhaled beta-agonists v. oral salbutamol in asthma: a randomized double-blind cross-over study.  Journal Articles
• Coverage and Awareness of and Compliance with Mass Drug Administration for Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis in Burdwan District, West Bengal, India  Journal Articles
• Culture, Biology, and the Near-Death Experience: A Reappraisal  Journal Articles
• Culture, but more than culture: an exploratory study of the HIV vulnerability of Indian immigrants in Canada  Journal Articles
• DOWRY DEMAND AND HARASSMENT: PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS IN INDIA  Journal Articles
• Darexaban (YM150) versus enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip arthroplasty: a randomised phase IIb dose confirmation study (ONYX-3)  Journal Articles
• Deathbed Visions from India: A Study of Family Observations in Northern Kerala  Journal Articles
• Decoding and modelling of time series count data using Poisson hidden Markov model and Markov ordinal logistic regression models  Journal Articles
• Defining Obesity Cut Points in a Multiethnic Population  Journal Articles
• Delivery room management of neonates born through meconium stained amniotic fluid.  Journal Articles
• Derivation of an angiographically based classification system in Takayasu’s arteritis: an observational study from India and North America  Journal Articles
• Determinants of work injuries in mines – an application of structural equation modelling  Journal Articles
• Development of food frequency questionnaires and a nutrient database for the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological (PURE) pilot study in South India: methodological issues.  Journal Articles
• Diagnosis of drug-resistant TB and provision of second-line TB treatment in India: some ethical considerations  Journal Articles
• Differences in perceptions and fast food eating behaviours between Indians living in high- and low-income neighbourhoods of Chandigarh, India  Journal Articles
• Distribution ofCryptococcus gattiiandCryptococcus neoformansin decayed trunk wood ofSyzygium cuminitrees in north-western India  Journal Articles
• Diversity and origins of Indian multi‐triazole resistant strains of Aspergillus fumigatus  Journal Articles
• Do human rights matter to health?  Journal Articles
• Does the relation between the control of attention and second language proficiency generalize from India to Canada?  Journal Articles
• Early onset mixed morganella and klebsiella sepsis in a neonate  Journal Articles
• Economic evaluation of HIV screening in pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in India  Journal Articles
• Ectopic expression of alkaline phosphatase in proximal tubular brush border membrane of human renal cell carcinoma  Journal Articles
• Effect of Extended Prophylactic Antibiotic Duration in the Treatment of Open Fracture Wounds Differs by Level of Contamination  Journal Articles
• Effect of very early skin to skin contact on success at breastfeeding and preventing early hypothermia in neonates  Journal Articles
• Effects of a polypill (Polycap) on risk factors in middle-aged individuals without cardiovascular disease (TIPS): a phase II, double-blind, randomised trial  Journal Articles
• Effects of bidi smoking on all-cause mortality and cardiorespiratory outcomes in men from south Asia: an observational community-based substudy of the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (PURE)  Journal Articles
• Effects of cessation of a policy of neonatal fluconazole prophylaxis on fungal resurgence.  Journal Articles
• Efficacy and safety of Mitoxantrone, as an initial therapy, in multiple sclerosis: Experience in an Indian tertiary care setting  Journal Articles
• Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty is an effective and safe minimally invasive approach for treatment of obesity: First Indian experience  Journal Articles
• Environmental Isolation of Candida auris from the Coastal Wetlands of Andaman Islands, India  Journal Articles
• Environmental Profile of a Community's Health (EPOCH): An Instrument to Measure Environmental Determinants of Cardiovascular Health in Five Countries  Journal Articles
• Environmental Profile of a Community’s Health (EPOCH): An Ecometric Assessment of Measures of the Community Environment Based on Individual Perception  Journal Articles
• Epidemiology and causation of coronary heart disease and stroke in India  Journal Articles
• Epidemiology ofCleistanthus collinus(oduvan) poisoning: clinical features and risk factors for mortality  Journal Articles
• Epinephrine versus dopamine in neonatal septic shock: a double-blind randomized controlled trial  Journal Articles
• Estimates of the economic contributions of the bidi manufacturing industry in India  Journal Articles
• Ethnic and diet-related differences in the healthy infant microbiome  Journal Articles
• Ethnicity Does Not Affect the Homocysteine-Lowering Effect of B-Vitamin Therapy in Singaporean Stroke Patients  Journal Articles
• Exploring Autism, Culture, and Immigrant Experiences: Lessons from Sri Lankan Tamil Mothers  Journal Articles
• Exploring the Barriers to and Facilitators of Using Evidence-Based Drugs in the Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases: Findings From a Multistakeholder, Qualitative Analysis  Journal Articles
• Factors Associated With Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients With Open Fractures  Journal Articles
• Fanconi's syndrome: the effect of prednisolone and methyl testosterone and a review of the literature.  Journal Articles
• Feasibility of Screening for Intimate Partner Violence at Orthopedic Trauma Hospitals in India  Journal Articles
• Fetal oxidative stress, micronutrient deficiency and risk of retinopathy of prematurity: a nested case-control study  Journal Articles
• Filarial chyluria: a case discovered in Ontario.  Journal Articles
• From Around the World  Journal Articles
• Genetic differentiation, recombination and clonal expansion in environmental populations of Cryptococcus gattii in India  Journal Articles
• Genetic studies of fetal hemoglobin in the Arab‐Indian haplotype sickle cell‐β⁰ thalassemia  Journal Articles
• Grass pollen as a trigger of emergency department presentations and hospital admissions for respiratory conditions in the subtropics: A systematic review  Journal Articles
• Haemoglobin D Los Angeles, D-β⁺-Thalassaemia, and D-β°- Thalassaemia  Journal Articles
• Health related quality of life among children with cancer in Hyderabad, India  Journal Articles
• Health-related quality of life among children with cancer in Hyderabad, India  Journal Articles
• Hemoglobin Q_India, α₆₄(E l3) Asp→His, and β- Thalassemiaina Canadian Family  Journal Articles
• Higher Levels of Caregiver Strain Perceived by Indian Mothers of Children and Young Adults with Cerebral Palsy Who have Limited Self-Mobility  Journal Articles
• High‑magnesium waters and soils: Emerging environmental and food security constraints  Journal Articles
• Identification of a Novel Hepatitis C Virus Genotype From Punjab, India: Expanding Classification of Hepatitis C Virus Into 8 Genotypes  Journal Articles
• Impact of Evidence‐Based Stroke Care on Patient Outcomes: A Multilevel Analysis of an International Study  Journal Articles
• Impact of social determinants of health on progression from potentially life-threatening complications to near miss events and death during pregnancy and post partum in a middle-income setting: an observational study  Journal Articles
• In vitro antifungal susceptibility profiles and genotypes of 308 clinical and environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii and Cryptococcus gattii serotype B from north-western India  Journal Articles
• Incidence of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus in Asian elephants in India  Journal Articles
• Incidence of infection following internal fixation of open and closed tibia fractures in India (INFINITI): a multi-centre observational cohort study  Journal Articles
• Increased risk of acute myocardial infarction associated with beedi and cigarette smoking in Indians: final report on tobacco risks from a case-control study.  Journal Articles
• India's physicians debate whether to go abroad or go private.  Journal Articles
• India-Based Knee Osteoarthritis Evaluation (iKare): A Multi-Centre Cross-Sectional Study on the Management of Knee Pain and Early Osteoarthritis in India  Journal Articles
• Indo-Canadian Collaboration for Suicide Prevention: Training Needs Assessment for Healthcare Professionals in India  Journal Articles
• International multiphase mixed methods study protocol to develop a patient-reported outcome instrument for children and adolescents with lower limb deformities  Journal Articles
• Intestinal colonization among very low birth weight infants in first week of life  Journal Articles
• Intimate partner violence and the role of socioeconomic indicators in WorldSAFE communities in Chile, Egypt, India and the Philippines  Journal Articles
• Intra-class correlation estimates for assessment of vitamin A intake in children.  Journal Articles
• Knowledge and practices regarding tuberculosis: a survey of final-year medical students from Canada, India and Uganda  Journal Articles
• LCLUC as an entry point for transdisciplinary research – Reflections from an agriculture land use change study in South Asia  Journal Articles
• Landscaping biostatistics education in India  Journal Articles
• Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy versus laparoscopic gastric bypass: A retrospective cohort study  Journal Articles
• Lipoprotein(a): An underrecognized genetic risk factor for malignant coronary artery disease in young Indians  Journal Articles
• Long-distance dispersal and recombination in environmental populations of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii from India  Journal Articles
• Maternal factors in relation to birth weight.  Journal Articles
• Media coverage of violence against women in India: a systematic study of a high profile rape case  Journal Articles
• Medical and Nursing Students' Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Violence Against Women in India  Journal Articles
• Modelling and estimation of HIV prevalence and number of people living with HIV in India, 2010–2011  Journal Articles
• Molecular Markers of Secondary Organic Aerosol in Mumbai, India  Journal Articles
• Multilocus sequence typing of Candida africana from patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis in New Delhi, India  Journal Articles
• Myasthenia gravis: A study from India  Journal Articles
• Network metrics reveal differences in social organization between two fission–fusion species, Grevy’s zebra and onager  Journal Articles
• Non communicable disease multimorbidity and associated health care utilization and expenditures in India: cross-sectional study  Journal Articles
• Nutritional status in children with cancer: Before, during and after therapy  Journal Articles
• OSSI (Obesity and Metabolic Surgery Society of India) Guidelines for Patient and Procedure Selection for Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery  Journal Articles
• Organ Donation, Discrimination After Death, Anti-Vaccination Sentiments, and Tuberculosis Management  Journal Articles
• Perceived Benefits, Facilitators, Disadvantages, and Barriers for Physical Activity Amongst South Asian Adolescents in India and Canada  Journal Articles
• Perceptions of healthy eating amongst Indian adolescents in India and Canada  Journal Articles
• Perceptions of palliative care in a South Asian community: findings from an observational study  Journal Articles
• Perspectives on rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy: exploring a cross-cultural view of parents from India and Canada using the international classification of functioning, disability and health  Journal Articles
• Physical intimate partner violence in Chile, Egypt, India and the Philippines  Journal Articles
• Postmortem diagnosis of acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis  Journal Articles
• Predictive Clinical Scores for Diagnosis of Late Onset Neonatal Septicemia  Journal Articles
• Predictors of Loss to Follow-up in Hip Fracture Trials: A Secondary Analysis of the FAITH and HEALTH Trials  Journal Articles
• Prevalence of Candida auris in Canadian acute care hospitals among at-risk patients, 2018  Journal Articles
• Prevalence of abuse and intimate partner violence surgical evaluation (PRAISE) in orthopaedic fracture clinics: a multinational prevalence study  Journal Articles
• Prevalence of coronary artery disease in Asian Indians  Journal Articles
• Prevalence of pyridoxine dependent seizures in south Indian children with early onset intractable epilepsy: A hospital based prospective study  Journal Articles
• Primary central nervous system lymphoma: A profile of 26 cases from western India  Journal Articles
• Primary gastrointestinal lymphoma--disease spectrum and management: a 15-year review from north India.  Journal Articles
• Protocol for a cluster randomised trial evaluating a multifaceted intervention starting preconceptionally—Early Interventions to Support Trajectories for Healthy Life in India (EINSTEIN): a Healthy Life Trajectories Initiative (HeLTI) Study  Journal Articles
• Pulmonary endocrine cells in various species in the Himalaya  Journal Articles
• Radiation therapy of esophageal cancer: Role of high dose rate brachytherapy  Journal Articles
• Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Hepatitis B Vaccine Administered by 0, 6 and 14 Week versus 6, 10 and 14 Week Schedule in Healthy Infants  Journal Articles
• Randomized Controlled Trial of 7-Day vs. 14-Day Antibiotics for Neonatal Sepsis  Journal Articles
• Randomized controlled trial of compact fluorescent lamp versus standard phototherapy for the treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.  Journal Articles
• Rationale and design of South Asian Birth Cohort (START): a Canada-India collaborative study  Journal Articles
• Rationale and design of a Global Rheumatic Heart Disease Registry: The REMEDY study  Journal Articles
• Rationale and design of a randomized controlled trial evaluating community health worker–based interventions for the secondary prevention of acute coronary syndromes in India (SPREAD)  Journal Articles
• Real-Time PCR Assay for Rapid Detection and Analysis of PfCRT Haplotypes of Chloroquine-Resistant Plasmodium falciparum Isolates from India  Journal Articles
• Reduction in prevalence of spousal physical violence against women in India: evidence from three national surveys  Journal Articles
• Reliability of Trial Information Across Registries for Trials With Multiple Registrations  Journal Articles
• Revision operation to one-anastomosis gastric bypass for failed sleeve gastrectomy  Journal Articles
• Risk factors for acute myocardial infarction in Indians: a case-control study  Journal Articles
• Risk factors of threshold retinopathy of prematurity.  Journal Articles
• Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry  Journal Articles
• Roads in India  Journal Articles
• Routine second trimester cervical length screening in low risk women identified women at risk of a ‘very’ preterm birth but did not reduce the preterm birth rate: a randomised study from India  Journal Articles
• Seasonal variations in the prevalence ofCryptococcus neoformansvar.grubiiandCryptococcus gattiiin decayed wood inside trunk hollows of diverse tree species in north-western India: a retrospective study  Journal Articles
• Short-term outcomes in children recovered from multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection  Journal Articles
• Signs of severe illness in young infants.  Journal Articles
• Single umbilical artery: its incidence and associated congenital malformations.  Journal Articles
• Socio-economic, environmental and nutritional characteristics of urban and rural South Indian women in early pregnancy: findings from the South Asian Birth Cohort (START)  Journal Articles
• Socioeconomic factors and use of secondary preventive therapies for cardiovascular diseases in South Asia: The PURE study  Journal Articles
• Soil-transmitted intestinal helminthes infections in urban and rural areas of Alwar District, Rajasthan, India.  Journal Articles
• Spousal physical violence against women during pregnancy  Journal Articles
• Surgery in Patients with Super Obesity: Medium‐Term Follow‐Up Outcomes at a High‐Volume Center  Journal Articles
• Surveying the Knowledge and Practices of Health Professionals in China, India, Iran, and Mexico on Treating Tuberculosis  Journal Articles
• Symptoms of reproductive-tract infection—not all that they seem to be  Journal Articles
• Systems of care for ST-elevation myocardial infarction in India  Journal Articles
• Tackling the growing epidemic of cardiovascular disease in South Asia∗∗Editorials published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiologyreflect the views of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of JACCor the American College of Cardiology.  Journal Articles
• Taking tissue seriously means taking communities seriously  Journal Articles
• The Association of Body Mass Index with Health-Related Quality of Life: An Exploratory Study in a Multiethnic Asian Population  Journal Articles
• The Madurai Intraocular Lens Study I: A Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Complications and Vision Outcomes of Intracapsular Cataract Extraction and Extracapsular Cataract Extraction With Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lens  Journal Articles
• The Madurai Intraocular Lens Study II: Clinical Outcomes  Journal Articles
• The Natural History of Knee Osteoarthritis: India-based Knee Osteoarthritis Evaluation (iKare): A Study Protocol  Journal Articles
• The burden of cardiovascular disease in the Indian subcontinent.  Journal Articles
• The burden of unintentional drowning: global, regional and national estimates of mortality from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study  Journal Articles
• The expanding host tree species spectrum ofCryptococcus gattiiandCryptococcus neoformansand their isolations from surrounding soil in India  Journal Articles
• The household economic burden of non-communicable diseases in 18 countries  Journal Articles
• The impact of drop-in centers on the health of street children in New Delhi, India: A cross-sectional study  Journal Articles
• The need to test the theories behind the Polypill: rationale behind the Indian Polycap Study  Journal Articles
• The remarkable healing power of a $20 bill.  Journal Articles
• The repeatability of self reported physical activity patterns in rural South India.  Journal Articles
• The world studies of abuse in the family environment (WorldSAFE): a model of a multi-national study of family violence  Journal Articles
• Therapist's practice patterns for subsequent fall/osteoporotic fracture prevention for patients with a distal radius fracture  Journal Articles
• The Patient Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE) was successfully translated into Tamil  Journal Articles
• Third Meeting of the International Working Group on Coronary Artery Disease in South Asians. 29 March 1998, Atlanta, USA.  Journal Articles
• Time trends in ectopic pregnancy over a decade--a retrospective hospital-based study.  Journal Articles
• Tobacco use, smoking quit rates, and socioeconomic patterning among men and women: a cross-sectional survey in rural Andhra Pradesh, India  Journal Articles
• Towards better hypertension management in India.  Journal Articles
• Treatment and outcomes of acute coronary syndromes in India (CREATE): a prospective analysis of registry data  Journal Articles
• Treatment and re/habilitation of children with cerebral palsy in India: a scoping review  Journal Articles
• Treatment of Vaginal Discharge in South Asia  Journal Articles
• Trends and progress of bariatric and metabolic surgery in India  Journal Articles
• Validation of a Clinical Score for the Diagnosis of Late Onset Neonatal Septicemia in Babies Weighing 1000-2500 g  Journal Articles
• Validity, Feasibility and Acceptability of Time Trade-Off and Standard Gamble Assessments in Health Valuation Studies: A Study in a Multiethnic Asian Population in Singapore  Journal Articles
• Venous Thromboembolism  Chapters
• Why are People Getting Tested? Self-Reported Reasons for Seeking Voluntary Counseling and Testing at a Clinic in Chennai, India  Journal Articles
• Why is pre-exposure prophylaxis with hydroxychloroquine a safe and rationale approach against SARS-CoV-2 infection?  Journal Articles
• Women’s freedom of movement and participation in psychosocial support groups: qualitative study in northern India  Journal Articles
• can the special care neonatal unit admission cut-off be lowered down to 1500g babies?  Journal Articles
• β‐thalassemia in association with a new δ‐chain hemoglobin variant [δ116(g18)Arg→Leu]: Implications for carrier screening and prenatal diagnosis  Journal Articles