Inhalation of a harmless antigen (ovalbumin) elicits immune activation but divergent immunoglobulin and cytokine activities in mice
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abstract
Background Exposure to aerosolized harmless antigen such as ovalbumin (OVA) has previously been shown to induce inhalation tolerance, a state characterized by inhibition of IgE synthesis and airway inflammation, upon secondary immunogenic antigen encounter. Immune events associated with this phenomenon are still poorly understood.Objective The aim of this study was to investigate cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this state of ‘unresponsiveness’.Methods; After initial repeated OVA exposure, mice were subjected to a protocol of antigen‐induced airway inflammation, encompassing two intraperitoneal injections of OVA adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide followed by airway challenge. We assessed immune events in the draining lymph nodes after sensitization, and in the lungs after challenge.Results In animals initially exposed to OVA, we observed, at the time of sensitization, considerable expansion of T cells, many of which expressed the activation markers CD69 and CD25, as well as increased numbers of antigen‐presenting cells, particularly B cells. While these animals produced low levels of IgE, the observed elevated levels of IgG1 signified isotype switching. Splenocytes and lymph node cells from OVA‐exposed mice produced low levels of IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐13 and IFN‐γ, indicating aborted effector function of both T helper (Th)2‐ and Th1‐associated cytokines. Real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (TaqMan) analysis of costimulatory molecules in the lungs after in vivo challenge showed that B7.1, B7.2, CD28 and CTLA‐4 mRNA expression was low in animals initially exposed to OVA. Ultimately, these events were associated with abrogated airway inflammation and attenuated airway hyper‐responsiveness. The decreased inflammation was antigen‐specific and independent of IL‐10 or IFN‐γ.Conclusion Initial exposure to OVA establishes a programme that prevents the generation of intact, fully functional inflammatory responses upon secondary antigen encounter. The absence of inflammation, however, is not associated with categorical immune unresponsiveness.
