ABSTRACT
Nontyphoidal
Salmonella
species cause gastrointestinal disease worldwide. The prevailing theory of
Salmonella
enteropathogenesis is that bacterial invasion of the intestinal epithelium is essential for virulence and that this requires the virulence-associated genomic region
Salmonella
pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1). Recent studies of
Salmonella enterica
infection models have demonstrated that enterocolitis and diarrhea in mice and cows can occur independently of SPI-1. In this study, we sought to confirm whether two
S. enterica
serovar Senftenberg clinical isolates lacked genes essential for SPI-1 function. Two clinical strains were isolated and identified as being
S. enterica
serovar Senftenberg from four stool samples from a food-borne disease outbreak affecting seven individuals in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China, using conventional methods, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing. The possibility of coinfection with other potential bacteria or usual viruses was excluded. Two isolates were analyzed for the presence of
invA
,
sipA
,
ssaR
,
sifA
, and
sopE2
by PCR and Southern blotting and were then assayed for the presence of SPI-1 by PCR and long-range PCR for
fhlA-hilA
,
hilA-spaP
, and
spaP-invH
and Southern blot analysis. A long-range PCR fragment from
fhlA
to
mutS
covering the 5′ and 3′ flanks of SPI-1 was also amplified from the two clinical isolates and sequenced. In addition, the two clinical isolates were assayed for enteroinvasiveness in vitro. Murine infection models were also examined. Biochemical tests and serotyping confirmed that the two clinical isolates are
S. enterica
serovar Senftenberg. However, they lacked genes critical for SPI-1 function but contained SPI-2 genes and were attenuated for the invasion of cultured intestinal epithelial cells. In conclusion, clinical
S. enterica
serovar Senftenberg strains isolated from a food-borne disease outbreak lack the invasion-associated locus SPI-1, indicating that SPI-1 is not essential for human gastroenteritis.
