PGC‐1α gene expression is down‐regulated by Akt‐mediated phosphorylation and nuclear exclusion of FoxO1 in insulin‐stimulated skeletal muscle

There are multiple binding domains on the promoter region of the peroxisome proliferator activator receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1alpha) gene, including a trio of insulin responsive elements that are activated by the forkhead box class-O (FoxO1) winged helix transcription factor, which is known to be regulated by acute transforming retrovirus thymoma (Akt). Here we show that in skeletal muscle biopsy specimens from healthy humans and …