Publishing Concept

subject area of

• A Bibliometric Analysis of an International Research Ethics Trainee Program  Journal Articles
• A New ATS Committee  Journal Articles
• A Practical Guide to Research: Design, Execution, and Publication  Journal Articles
• A Proposal for More Informative Abstracts of Clinical Articles  Journal Articles
• A Shortcut to Rejection: How Not to Write the Results Section of a Paper  Journal Articles
• A comprehensive checklist for reporting the use of OSCEs  Journal Articles
• A patient with primary sclerosing cholangitis ponders pulse: Methotrexate paper  Journal Articles
• A reporting tool for practice guidelines in health care: the RIGHT statement  Journal Articles
• A scoping review of comparisons between abstracts and full reports in primary biomedical research  Journal Articles
• A systematic assessment of the quality of reporting for platelet transfusion studies  Journal Articles
• A systematic review of quality of reporting in registered intimate partner violence studies: where can we improve?  Journal Articles
• A systematic review on academic research productivity of postgraduate students in low- and middle-income countries  Journal Articles
• AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY OF ORTHOPAEDIC ABSTRACTS AND SUBSEQUENT FULL-TEXT PUBLICATIONS  Journal Articles
• APPLICATION OF THE CONSOLIDATED STANDARDS OF REPORTING TRIALS (CONSORT) IN THE FRACTURE CARE LITERATURE  Journal Articles
• Academic Information Security Researchers: Hackers or Specialists?  Journal Articles
• Academic Olympism and Authorship: Honoring Contributions to Collaborative Scholarship  Journal Articles
• Academic Primer Series: Five Key Papers Fostering Educational Scholarship in Junior Academic Faculty  Journal Articles
• Academic Primer Series: Five Key Papers about Study Designs in Medical Education  Journal Articles
• Academic Primer Series: Five Key Papers about Team Collaboration Relevant to Emergency Medicine  Journal Articles
• Academic Primer Series: Five Key Papers for Consulting Clinician Educators  Journal Articles
• Academic Primer Series: Key Papers About Competency-Based Medical Education  Journal Articles
• Academic Primer Series: Key Papers About Peer Review  Journal Articles
• Academic Primer Series: Key Papers About Teaching with Technology  Journal Articles
• Academic criteria for promotion and tenure in biomedical sciences faculties: cross sectional analysis of international sample of universities.  Journal Articles
• Accelerated publication versus usual publication in 2 leading medical journals.  Journal Articles
• Advanced Practice Nursing in Canada: Overview of a Decision Support Synthesis  Journal Articles
• Agreements between industry and academia on publication rights: A retrospective study of protocols and publications of randomized clinical trials  Journal Articles
• An Introduction to Evidence-Based Practice for Hand Surgeons and Therapists  Journal Articles
• An efficient strategy allowed English-speaking reviewers to identify foreign-language articles eligible for a systematic review  Journal Articles
• An international survey indicated that unpublished systematic reviews exist  Conferences
• Ancient DNA: Do It Right or Not at All  Journal Articles
• Animal Learning & Behavior has consistently published high-quality and important articles.  Journal Articles
• Application of the STROBE statement to the hypospadias literature: Report of the international pediatric urology task force on hypospadias  Journal Articles
• Are laboratories following published recommendations for lupus anticoagulant testing?  Journal Articles
• Assessing the gap in female authorship in the journal Emergency Radiology: trends over a 20-year period  Journal Articles
• Association Between Time Interval to Publication and Statistical Significance  Journal Articles
• Author self-citation in the diabetes literature  Journal Articles
• Authorship and Ethical Considerations in the Conduct of Observational Studies  Journal Articles
• Authorship in reports of clinical practice guidelines: A systematic cross-sectional analysis  Journal Articles
• Authorship in the field of femoroacetabular impingement: an analysis of journal publications  Journal Articles
• BARRIERS TO FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION FOLLOWING PRESENTATION OF ABSTRACTS AT ANNUAL ORTHOPAEDIC MEETINGS  Journal Articles
• Best Evidence in Emergency Medicine (BEEM) Rater Scores Correlate With Publications’ Future Citations  Journal Articles
• Bias in transfusion research: from study design to result reporting  Journal Articles
• Bridges between Health Care Research Evidence and Clinical Practice  Journal Articles
• Brief educational reports: a new manuscript category.  Journal Articles
• CARJ in the new millennium.  Journal Articles
• CONSORT 2010 Explanation and Elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials  Journal Articles
• CONSORT 2010 Explanation and Elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials  Journal Articles
• CONSORT 2010 Statement: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials  Journal Articles
• CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials  Journal Articles
• CONSORT Harms 2022 statement, explanation, and elaboration: updated guideline for the reporting of harms in randomised trials  Journal Articles
• CONSORT Harms 2022 statement, explanation, and elaboration: updated guideline for the reporting of harms in randomized trials  Journal Articles
• CONSORT and clinical trial reporting: room for improvement  Journal Articles
• CONSORT extension for reporting N-of-1 trials (CENT) 2015 Statement  Journal Articles
• CONSORT extension for reporting N-of-1 trials (CENT) 2015: Explanation and elaboration  Journal Articles
• CONSORT extension for reporting N-of-1 trials (CENT) 2015: explanation and elaboration  Journal Articles
• CONSORT for Reporting Randomized Controlled Trials in Journal and Conference Abstracts: Explanation and Elaboration  Journal Articles
• Can 100 papers over 50 years tell the story of a scientific journal?  Journal Articles
• Challenges in publication ethics.  Journal Articles
• Changing course in electronic seas: rapid publication of brief recommendation statements by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care.  Journal Articles
• Characteristics of Heart Failure Trials Associated With Under-Representation of Women as Lead Authors  Journal Articles
• Classification and appraisal of the level of clinical evidence of publications from the Canadian Association of Pediatric Surgeons for the past 10 years  Journal Articles
• Clinical case reports: sources of boredom or valuable pieces of evidence?  Journal Articles
• Clinical research design and reporting: always room for improvement!  Journal Articles
• Coached Peer Review: Developing the Next Generation of Authors  Journal Articles
• Comparison of Review Articles Published in Peer-Reviewed and Throwaway Journals  Journal Articles
• Completion and publication rates of randomized controlled trials in surgery: an empirical study  Journal Articles
• Complication Reporting in Orthopaedic Trials  Journal Articles
• Conceptualizing the reporting of living systematic reviews  Journal Articles
• Conference abstracts of a new oncology drug do not always lead to full publication: Proceed with caution  Journal Articles
• Consistency in the Analysis and Reporting of Primary End Points in Oncology Randomized Controlled Trials From Registration to Publication: A Systematic Review  Journal Articles
• Creating clinical practice guidelines we can trust, use, and share: a new era is imminent  Journal Articles
• Critical Appraisal of Research Evidence for Its Validity and Usefulness  Journal Articles
• Critical appraisal of the health research literature: prevalence or incidence of a health problem.  Journal Articles
• Das GRADE-System: Ein Prolog zur Artikelserie in der ZEFQ  Journal Articles
• Data dredging, salami-slicing, and other successful strategies to ensure rejection: twelve tips on how to not get your paper published  Journal Articles
• Developing a workbook to support the contextualisation of global health systems guidance: A case study identifying steps and critical factors for success in this process at the World Health Organization.  Journal Articles
• Developing a workbook to support the contextualisation of global health systems guidance: a case study identifying steps and critical factors for success in this process at WHO  Journal Articles
• Development of a novel, multilayered presentation format for clinical practice guidelines  Journal Articles
• Discontinuation and non-publication of randomised clinical trials supported by the main public funding body in Switzerland: a retrospective cohort study  Journal Articles
• Discrepancies between Proceedings Abstracts and Posters at a Scientific Meeting  Journal Articles
• Discussing study limitations in reports of biomedical studies-the need for more transparency  Journal Articles
• Do editors live up to the Sept 10, 2001, expectations?  Journal Articles
• Does quality of reports of randomised trials affect estimates of intervention efficacy reported in meta-analyses?  Journal Articles
• Doubling the impact: publication of systematic review articles in orthopaedic journals.  Journal Articles
• ETHICS AND CHRONIC DISEASE: WHERE ARE THE BIOETHICISTS?  Journal Articles
• Effective hands-on teaching strategy on participants’ confidence in medical writing and publishing: A before-after study  Journal Articles
• Eligibility Criteria of Randomized Controlled Trials Published in High-Impact General Medical Journals  Journal Articles
• Enregistrement et publication du critère d’évaluation principal dans les essais contrôlés randomisés en oncologie  Journal Articles
• Epidemiology of systematic reviews in imaging journals: evaluation of publication trends and sustainability?  Journal Articles
• Essential Evidence Plus correctly evaluated by survey: midranked of 10 evidence-informed medical resources  Journal Articles
• Euthanasia.  Journal Articles
• Evaluating Meta-analyses in the General Surgical Literature  Journal Articles
• Evaluation of intervention reporting in published emergency medicine clinical trials  Journal Articles
• Evidence-based medicine  Journal Articles
• Evidence-based medicine  Journal Articles
• Evidence-informed recommendations to reduce dissemination bias in clinical research: conclusions from the OPEN (Overcome failure to Publish nEgative fiNdings) project based on an international consensus meeting  Journal Articles
• Evidence‐based clinical reporting: a need for improvement  Journal Articles
• Evolution of Clinical Trials Registries  Journal Articles
• Feedback from the readers: what you have told us  Journal Articles
• Feedback from the readers: what you have told us.  Journal Articles
• Framework for bioethical assessment of an article on therapy  Journal Articles
• Fraud versus carelessness  Journal Articles
• From the Corrections Officer: Why We Correct for Multiple Tests  Journal Articles
• Funding characteristics of randomised clinical trials supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation: a retrospective cohort study  Journal Articles
• GRADE-Leitlinien: 1. Einführung – GRADE-Evidenzprofile und Summary-of-Findings-Tabellen  Journal Articles
• GRADE-Leitlinien: 2. Formulierung der Fragestellung und Entscheidung über wichtige Endpunkte  Journal Articles
• Gender bias in academia  Journal Articles
• Got Evidence? Making explicit our emphasis on quality research in all its forms  Journal Articles
• Grading evidence  Journal Articles
• Hepatitis B virus infected physicians and disclosure of transmission risks to patients: a critical analysis.  Journal Articles
• Herramientas para la práctica de la medicina basada en la evidencia (I). Actualización en recursos de información basados en la evidencia para la práctica clínica  Journal Articles
• High-Performance Information Search Filters for CKD Content in PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and EMBASE  Journal Articles
• Historical factors influencing medical education research productivity  Journal Articles
• How have research questions and methods used in clinical trials published in Clinical Rehabilitation changed over the last 30 years?  Journal Articles
• How to Use an Article About Prognosis  Journal Articles
• How to keep up with the critical care literature and avoid being buried alive  Journal Articles
• How to read clinical journals: VII. To understand an economic evaluation (part A).  Journal Articles
• How to use an article on therapy or prevention  Journal Articles
• Identity Theft in the Academic World Leads to Junk Science  Journal Articles
• Impact of the Number of Dermatologists on Dermatology Biomedical Research: A Canadian Study  Journal Articles
• Impact of the number of dermatologists on dermatology biomedical research: a Canadian study.  Journal Articles
• Improving the Quality of Abstract Reporting for Phase I Cancer Trials  Journal Articles
• Improving the reporting of pragmatic trials: an extension of the CONSORT statement  Journal Articles
• In search of the evidentiary foundation of published Canadian economic evaluations (2001–06)  Journal Articles
• Interobserver Agreement in the Application of Levels of Evidence to Scientific Papers in the American Volume of The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery  Journal Articles
• Interpreting Citations  Journal Articles
• Interpreting Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Orthopaedic Surgery  Journal Articles
• Introducing Levels of Evidence to the Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma  Journal Articles
• JAMA and Editorial Independence  Journal Articles
• Knowledge and motivations of researchers publishing in presumed predatory journals: a survey.  Journal Articles
• Launching a palliative care homepage: the Edmonton experience  Journal Articles
• Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic and recent developments on the communication of clinical trials, publishing practices, and research integrity: in conversation with Dr. David Moher  Journal Articles
• Letter to the Editor Regarding Davidson et al  Journal Articles
• Level of evidence and authorship trends of clinical studies in knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy, 1995–2015  Journal Articles
• Level of evidence of free papers presented at the European Society of Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery and Arthroscopy congress from 2008 to 2016  Journal Articles
• Levels of Evidence in the Neurosurgical Literature  Journal Articles
• Long periods of time required to review biostatistics papers.  Journal Articles
• Loose Connections between Peer-Reviewed Clinical Journals and Clinical Practice  Journal Articles
• Medical publishing under review  Journal Articles
• Mejora de la calidad de los informes de los metaanálisis de los ensayos clínicos controlados: el acuerdo QUOROM  Journal Articles
• Message from the Editors  Journal Articles
• Methodologic Quality of Systematic Reviews Published in the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Literature  Journal Articles
• Methodology and Reports of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses  Journal Articles
• Methods and guidance on conducting, reporting, publishing and appraising living systematic reviews: a scoping review protocol  Journal Articles
• Methods and guidance on conducting, reporting, publishing, and appraising living systematic reviews: a scoping review  Journal Articles
• Methods of Reporting Statistical Results from Medical Research Studies  Journal Articles
• Misclassification of Case-Control Studies in Neurosurgery and Proposed Solutions  Journal Articles
• Multiple testing in orthopedic literature: a common problem?  Journal Articles
• Narrative medicine: A call to pens  Journal Articles
• Neurosurgeon academic impact is associated with clinical outcomes after clipping of ruptured intracranial aneurysms  Journal Articles
• Not fast enough?  Journal Articles
• Open access publication of radiology papers  Journal Articles
• Organizing and accessing the literature.  Journal Articles
• PRISMA harms checklist: improving harms reporting in systematic reviews  Journal Articles
• Peer review is not a lottery: AHSE’s Fast Track  Journal Articles
• Perceptions of authors' contributions are influenced by both byline order and designation of corresponding author  Journal Articles
• Physician Interpretations and Textbook Definitions of Blinding Terminology in Randomized Controlled Trials  Journal Articles
• Podium versus Poster Publication Rates at the Orthopaedic Trauma Association  Journal Articles
• Potential Financial Conflict of Interest Among Physician Editorial Board Members of Orthopaedic Surgery Journals  Journal Articles
• Predictors of the accuracy of quotation of references in peer-reviewed orthopaedic literature in relation to publications on the scaphoid  Journal Articles
• Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement  Journal Articles
• Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement  Journal Articles
• Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement  Journal Articles
• Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement  Journal Articles
• Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation  Journal Articles
• Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement  Journal Articles
• Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement  Journal Articles
• Preferred reporting of case series in surgery; the PROCESS guidelines  Journal Articles
• Preparing reports for publication and responding to reviewers' comments  Journal Articles
• Prepublication data sharing  Journal Articles
• Presentation of Nonfinal Results of Randomized Controlled Trials at Major Oncology Meetings  Journal Articles
• Publication Bias: A Brief Review for Clinicians  Journal Articles
• Published intimate partner violence studies often differ from their trial registration records  Journal Articles
• Publisher preferences for a journal transparency tool: A modified three-round Delphi study.  Journal Articles
• Publishing your work: An editor's perspective  Journal Articles
• Quality and content of abstracts in papers reporting about drug exposures during pregnancy  Journal Articles
• Quality of Reporting of Modern Randomized Controlled Trials in Medical Oncology: A Systematic Review  Journal Articles
• Quality of Reporting of Randomized Controlled Trials in General Endocrinology Literature  Journal Articles
• RE: Which estimates comprise optimal reporting in systematic reviews?  Journal Articles
• Randomized trials addressing a similar question are commonly published after a trial stopped early for benefit  Journal Articles
• Randomized trials of public health interventions reported in the Canadian Journal of Public Health: 1966 to 1996.  Journal Articles
• Reporting and Publishing Guidelines  Conferences
• Reporting of financial and non-financial conflicts of interest in systematic reviews on health policy and systems research: a cross sectional survey  Journal Articles
• Reporting of planned statistical methods in published surgical randomised trial protocols: a protocol for a methodological systematic review  Journal Articles
• Reporting, updating, and correcting systematic reviews of the effects of health care.  Journal Articles
• Research Collaboration in Pediatric Critical Care Randomized Controlled Trials: A Social Network Analysis of Coauthorship*  Journal Articles
• STARDing Again: Revised Guidelines for Reporting Information in Studies of Diagnostic Test Accuracy  Journal Articles
• Sample Size and Power in Psychiatric Research^*  Journal Articles
• Senior GRADE methodologists encounter challenges as part of WHO guideline development panels: an inductive content analysis  Journal Articles
• Should unpublished data be included in meta-analyses? Current convictions and controversies  Journal Articles
• Social Media and the 21st-Century Scholar: How You Can Harness Social Media to Amplify Your Career  Journal Articles
• Sources and quality of literature addressing femoroacetabular impingement  Journal Articles
• Standardization of Adverse Event Terminology and Reporting in Orthopaedic Physical Therapy: Application to the Cervical Spine  Journal Articles
• Standards for Reporting Interventions in Controlled Trials of Acupuncture: The Stricta Recommendations  Journal Articles
• Statistical methods used in the calculation of geriatric reference intervals: a systematic review  Journal Articles
• Statistical reporting deficiencies in environmental toxicology  Journal Articles
• Statistical significance did not affect time to publication in non-Cochrane systematic reviews: a metaepidemiological study  Journal Articles
• Subgroup analyses in randomised controlled trials: cohort study on trial protocols and journal publications  Journal Articles
• Systematic documentation and analysis of human genetic variation in hemoglobinopathies using the microattribution approach  Journal Articles
• Systematic reviewers commonly contact study authors but do so with limited rigor  Journal Articles
• Systematic reviews addressing identified health policy priorities in Eastern Mediterranean countries: a situational analysis  Journal Articles
• Systematic reviews: the case for rigorous methods and rigorous reporting  Journal Articles
• THE QUALITY OF REPORTING OF RANDOMIZED TRIALS IN THE JOURNAL OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY FROM 1988 THROUGH 2000  Journal Articles
• Taking stock  Journal Articles
• Texts in context: Horace Davenport, carbonic anhydrase, and gastric acid secretion  Journal Articles
• The ABCs of clinical biochemistry  Journal Articles
• The Completeness of Reporting (CORE) index identifies important deficiencies in observational study conference abstracts  Journal Articles
• The Inclusion of Minority Groups in Clinical Trials: Problems of Under Representation and Under Reporting of Data  Journal Articles
• The Internet and Clinical Trials: Background, Online Resources, Examples and Issues  Journal Articles
• The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews  Journal Articles
• The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews  Journal Articles
• The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews  Journal Articles
• The PRISMA Extension Statement for Reporting of Systematic Reviews Incorporating Network Meta-analyses of Health Care Interventions: Checklist and Explanations  Journal Articles
• The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration  Journal Articles
• The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration  Journal Articles
• The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration  Journal Articles
• The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration  Journal Articles
• The Quality of Reporting Methods and Results in Network Meta-Analyses: An Overview of Reviews and Suggestions for Improvement  Journal Articles
• The Research Productivity of Canadian Physicians: How the Timing of Obtaining a PhD Has an Influence  Journal Articles
• The SCARE 2018 statement: Updating consensus Surgical CAse REport (SCARE) guidelines  Journal Articles
• The SCARE Statement: Consensus-based surgical case report guidelines  Journal Articles
• The case report, case study, and single subject design.  Journal Articles
• The clinical relevance and newsworthiness of NIHR HTA-funded research: a cohort study  Journal Articles
• The evolution of the European Respiratory Journal: ready for the new decade!  Journal Articles
• The evolution of the European Respiratory Journal: weathering the publishing pandemic  Journal Articles
• The evolution of theEuropean Respiratory Journal: volume 2  Journal Articles
• The gendered system of academic publishing  Journal Articles
• The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on perceived publication pressure among academic researchers in Canada  Journal Articles
• The last bite was deadly – About responsibility in scientific publishing  Journal Articles
• The orthopedic gender gap: trends in authorship and editorial board representation over the past 4 decades.  Journal Articles
• The promise and peril of electronic publishing.  Journal Articles
• The quality of randomized trial reporting in leading medical journals since the revised CONSORT statement  Journal Articles
• The quality, breadth, and timeliness of content updating vary substantially for 10 online medical texts: an analytic survey  Journal Articles
• The reporting of methodological factors in randomized controlled trials and the association with a journal policy to promote adherence to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) checklist  Journal Articles
• The reporting quality of meta-analyses improves: a random sampling study  Journal Articles
• The research process from ideas to implementation  Journal Articles
• The word is the deed: the ideology of the research paper in experimental science.  Journal Articles
• The writer’s guide to education scholarship in emergency medicine: Education innovations (part 3)  Journal Articles
• Thinker, Soldier, Scribe: cross-sectional study of researchers' roles and author order in theAnnals of Internal Medicine  Journal Articles
• To self-cite or not to self-cite  Journal Articles
• Towards Complete and Accurate Reporting of Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy: The STARD Initiative  Journal Articles
• Towards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: the STARD initiative  Journal Articles
• Treatment of parasitic infections: Canadian versus US recommendations. Committee on Antimicrobial Agents, Canadian Infectious Disease Society.  Journal Articles
• Underrecognition of Pathologist Contributions to Articles Published in a Major Multidisciplinary Medical Journal  Journal Articles
• Understanding context: A concept analysis  Journal Articles
• Upper limb work-related musculoskeletal disorders among newspaper employees: Cross-sectional survey results  Journal Articles
• Use and misuse of cost-effectiveness terminology in the gastroenterology literature: a systematic review  Journal Articles
• Users' guide to detecting misleading claims in research: Misleading claims may be symptom of even more serious flaws  Journal Articles
• Validation of an index of the quality of review articles  Journal Articles
• Waiving confidentiality for the greater good  Journal Articles
• What Are the Levels of Evidence on Which We Base Decisions for Surgical Management of Lower Extremity Bone Tumors?  Journal Articles
• What is the Quality of the Orthopaedic Literature?  Journal Articles
• What is the quality of reporting in weight loss intervention studies? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials  Journal Articles
• When It Comes to Trials, Do We Get What We Pay For?  Journal Articles
• When and how to update systematic reviews: consensus and checklist  Journal Articles
• Which estimates comprise optimal reporting in Systematic Reviews?  Journal Articles
• Will COVID-19 result in a giant step backwards for women in academic science?  Journal Articles
• Writing science that your colleagues can read  Journal Articles
• Your first choice for publishing original work.  Journal Articles
• [Comment about "Who pays for the impact?"].  Journal Articles
• [The BMJ Rapid Recommendations: towards a new model for the production of clinical practice guidelines].  Journal Articles
• “I don't see gender”: Conceptualizing a gendered system of academic publishing  Journal Articles