The Emerging Role of Immunoregulation of Fibrinogen‐Related Procoagulant Fgl2 in the Success or Spontaneous Abortion of Early Pregnancy in Mice and Humans
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PROBLEM: Abortion of chromosomally normal embryos in the CBA X DBA/2 mating combination is triggered by release of Th1 cytokines (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]‐α, interferon [IFN]‐γ, and interleukin [IL]‐1), which cause abortion via a novel prothrombinase, fgl2, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The site of activation may be maternal vascular endothelium on arteries and veins nourishing the placenta. Activation of coagulation is also prominent in spontaneous abortion of chromosomally normal human embryos. We asked where is fgl2 up‐regulated in the uterus in murine abortions, and if similar fgl2 expression occurs in human pregnancy failure.METHODS: Control CBA X DBA/2 pregnant mice, or from mice injected with TNF‐α + IFN‐γ on day 7.5 of gestation, were removed on day 8.5, fixed, sectioned, and subject to in situ hybridization for fgl2. Sections were also stained for fibrin. Elective first trimester termination samples or biopsies taken early in the course of a recurrent miscarriage were similarly fixed, sectioned, and analyzed by in situ hybridization. Control and cytokine‐treated mice were anticoagulated with heparin, an activator of antithrombin III, and/or the direct anti‐thrombin inhibitor hirudin.RESULTS: Low level fgl2 expression localized to basal decidua remote from the embryo was noted in control mice; cytokine treatment, which causes greater than 80% of abortions, produced a striking up‐regulation in this area as well as in a band at the junction of decidua and myometrium. Trophoblast also became strikingly positive. Fgl2 expression was associated with increased fibrin staining. Anticoagulation significantly protected against abortions, but doses were limited by the complication of retroplacental hemorrhage. In tissue from normal first trimester pregnancy, minimal fgl2 positivity was seen in some villous syncytiotrophoblast, in villous stroma, cytotrophoblast, and in some cells in decidua. In spontaneous abortion of normal embryo, striking fgl2 positivity was seen in syncytiotrophoblast and extravillous cytotrophoblast, in association with areas of thrombus formation.CONCLUSIONS: Fgl2 appears to be physiologically expressed and may protect against the internal danger of maternal and/or fetal bleeding during pregnancy and at parturition; a role in inhibiting transplacental traffic is also possible. External dangers in the form of stress, endotoxin, and antigens eliciting Th1 cytokine responses upregulate fgl2 prothrombinase in trophoblast as well as in decidua, which results in spontaneous abortion of immunogenetically “weaker” embryos.
