An Integrated Bi-level Optimization Model for Planning Water-Food-Energy Nexus System Under Uncertainty

In this study, a fuzzy bi-level programming (FBP) method is developed for planning water-food-energy (WFE) nexus system. FBP can tackle fuzzy uncertainty expressed as flexible variable and balance the conflict existed in different decision levels. Then, an FBP-WFE model is formulated for Amu Darya River Basin (ARB), in which two-level stakeholders are involved. The upper-level decision maker aims to maximize system benefit, and the lower-level …