An integrated approach for estimating oil volume in petroleum-contaminated sites - a North American case study

Subsurface contamination by light nonaqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) such as hydrocarbon spill and leakage is a serious problem in North America. Following release of hydrocarbons in the subsurface, significant amounts of the fluid are trapped in soil by capillary forces and in saturated zone due to slow groundwater flow. Removal of these trapped free phase LNAPLs is critical because it will not only provide the possibility for complete cleaning …