Seeking optimal groundwater pumping strategies at Pinggu District in Beijing, China

A simulation-based fuzzy optimization method (SFOM) was proposed for regional groundwater pumping management in considering uncertainties. SFOM enhanced the traditional groundwater management models by incorporating a response matrix model (RMM) into a fuzzy chance-constrained programming (FCCP) framework. RMM was used to approximate the input–output relationship between pumping actions and subsurface hydrologic responses. Due to its explicit …