LPS‐Induced Occult Loss in Mice Requires FGL2
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abstract
Problem FGL2 prothrombinase is required for spontaneous abortion (resorptions) in the CBA × DBA/2 model, and for abortions in C57Bl/6 (B6) mice triggered by Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Unlike abortions, occult losses in B6 mice, which begin before gestation day 9.5 in mice, do not require the tumor necrosis factor‐α receptor type 1, and may be triggered by either Salmonella enteritidis or Escherichia coli LPS. Heterozygous matings of fgl2+/− × fgl2+/− B6 mice also have a high spontaneous occult loss of fgl2−/− and to a lesser extent, fgl2+/− embryos caused by hemorrhage between trophoblast and Reichert’s membrane. However, the frequency of such losses appears to vary among breeding periods and between laboratories.Method of study We tested the hypothesis that FGL2‐deficient embryos were uniquely susceptible to LPS by treating B6 fgl2+/− × fgl2+/− heterozygous matings with 2 μg E. coli LPS intraperitoneally on day 6.5 of pregnancy. Progesterone 2 mg in 100 μL sesame oil was administered subcutaneously at the same time to ensure that the effects of the LPS were not because of suppression of ovarian hormone production. PCR DNA genotyping was performed on embryos at day 13.5 of pregnancy, or after parturition.Results Surprisingly, we found that LPS caused occult loss of fgl2+/+, and to a lesser extent fgl2+/− embryos, both at term and by PCR typing of embryos at gestation day 13.5, and these losses obscured the effect of fgl2 knockout.Conclusion Spontaneous loss of fgl2−/− embryos may relate to adhesion effects, whereas fgl2+/+ embryos are susceptible to LPS‐induced loss; fgl2+/− embryos may be affected by both mechanisms. Antagonizing FGL2 could prevent occult pregnancy loss in some human and animal situations.
