Characteristics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in recovered COVID-19 subjects

Abstract Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). While detection of SARS-CoV-2 by polymerase chain reaction with reverse transcription (RT-PCR) is currently used to diagnose acute COVID-19 infection, serological assays are needed to study the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 IgG/A/M antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein and its receptor-binding domain (RBD) were characterized using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and assessed for their ability to neutralize live SARS-CoV-2 virus in recovered subjects who were RT-PCR-positive (n=153), RT-PCR-negative (n=55), and control samples collected pre-COVID-19 (n=520). Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were detected in 90.9% of resolved subjects up to 180 days post-symptom onset. Anti-S protein and anti-RBD IgG titers correlated (r= 0.5157 and r = 0.6010, respectively) with viral neutralization. Of the RT-PCR-positive subjects, 22 (14.3%) did not have anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies; and of those, 17 had RT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values >27, raising the possibility that these indeterminate results are from individuals who were not infected, or had mild infection that failed to elicit an antibody response. This study highlights the importance of serological surveys to determine population-level immunity based on infection numbers as determined by RT-PCR.