Water-energy nexus under uncertainty: Development of a hierarchical decision-making model

In this study, an interval stochastic bi-level programming (ISBP) method is developed for planning the water-energy nexus (WEN) system. In ISBP, interval-parameter programming (IPP) and two-stage stochastic programming (TSP) are introduced into a bi-level programming (BP) framework. ISBP can tackle dual uncertainties expressed as probability distributions and interval values as well as balance the tradeoff between two-level decision makers. An …