Examining the Proactive and Retroactive Placement of Augmented Information for Learning a Novel Computer Alphabet

The timing of augmented information, either prior to or following a memory retrieval attempt has profound, and opposing, influences on immediate performance and retention. This effect was investigated in 2 experiments in which participants learned typographical symbols used to enter information into a personal data assistant. The effects of the spacing of the second of 2 repetitions (Experiment 1) and the number of retrieval attempts during practice (Experiment 2) failed to modify the relative effectiveness of the timing of augmented information--proactive information (prior to retrieval attempt) facilitated practice but degraded retention relative to retroactive information (after retrieval attempt). The theoretical roles of the timing of augmented information relative to the functions of retrieval practice were discussed.