Progenitor egress from the bone marrow after allergen challenge: Role of stromal cell–derived factor 1α and eotaxin

BACKGROUND: CCR3 expression on CD34+ cells mediates migration to eotaxin in vitro. CXCR4 and stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1alpha are important for stem cell homing to hemopoietic compartments. OBJECTIVE: To study chemokine-mediated progenitor cell traffic in allergic inflammation. METHODS: Bone marrow (BM) aspirates were obtained at baseline from normal subjects; atopic subjects without asthma; and subjects with asthma before, 5 hours after, and 24 hours after allergen inhalation (dual and early responders). Changes in chemokine receptor expression and migration were assessed. RESULTS: Expression of CXCR4, but not CCR3, on BM CD34+ cells was greater in normal subjects compared with atopic subjects with asthma. Likewise, SDF-1alpha, but not eotaxin, stimulated a greater migrational response by BM CD34+ cells from normal subjects compared with subjects with asthma. For all subjects, a positive correlation was found between intensity of CXCR4 expression and magnitude of CD34+ cell response to SDF-1alpha. Allergen inhalation attenuated both intensity of CXCR4 expression and SDF-1alpha levels in marrow from dual compared with early responders 24 hours postallergen. In contrast, the intensity of CCR3 expression on BM CD34+ cells increased in dual compared with early responders at 24 hours postallergen. In addition, an increase in migrational responsiveness of BM CD34+ cells to eotaxin and a decrease to SDF-1alpha 24 hours postallergen was found in dual responder subjects with asthma. CONCLUSION: After allergen inhalation in subjects with asthma, a downregulation in CXCR4 intensity on BM CD34+ cells and a reduction in BM SDF-1alpha levels may reduce progenitor retention to marrow stroma promoting peripheral egress, possibly mediated by the CCR3/eotaxin axis.