Seismic fragility analysis of bridge-isolator-foundation-soil systems in subfreezing temperatures

Several cold regions around the world are in seismic active zones. Seasonal freezing can significantly affect the seismic performance of complex bridge-isolator-foundation-soil systems by inducing brittle failure and premature collapse due to a combination of load reversals and cold temperature behavior of the bridge material. In cold conditions, constitutive material of bridge components, namely, concrete, steel reinforcement, rubber, and …