The end of the Paleolithic is a major watershed in human prehistory. Not only did sophisticated art and funeral practices appear for the first time, but major economic and technological changes were underway that would lead to food production and the domestication of plants and animals. Trying to understand the exact nature of these changes and why they occurred is one of the most challenging problems confronting prehistorians today. The research that we have undertaken seeks to define more precisely the nature of some of these changes by focusing on the economic importance of salmon in southwestern France.