Insights and Challenges Associated with Air in Pressurized Water Conveyance Systems

Air is present in pressurized water systems for a variety of reasons, including incomplete removal during filling, air entrainment at intakes or entrances, air admission during draining operations, or air exchanges due to transient events such as power failure or pipe burst. Each of these sources or events creates specific design and operational challenges, issues that often require thoughtful and sometimes expensive approaches to avoid serious …