Heat pipe-based radiator for low grade geothermal energy conversion in domestic space heating

A severe technical drawback of geothermal heat pumps (GHPs) is the fact that the nominal operating temperature available for domestic space heating is typically in the region of 50°C. This is 25–40°C less than conventional boiler settings used in hydronic central heating applications. As a result, GHPs are not generally ideal for direct replacement of conventional hydronic central heating systems because of the low relative distribution …