Interval-fuzzy stochastic optimization for regional energy systems planning and greenhouse-gas emission management under uncertainty—a case study for the Province of Ontario, Canada

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction is usually associated with energy systems management. Management of regional energy systems is a complex task due to the strong interactions among energy supply, demand and conversion activities, as well as those among energy, environmental and economic factors. These complexities may be further compounded due to the presence of uncertainties in a variety of processes and the related costs, impact factors …