Illumination Compensation Model with k-Means Algorithm for Detection of Pavement Surface Cracks with Shadow

A small amount of research has been conducted in dealing with pavement shadow–affected cracks detection. Hence, this research aims to develop the illumination compensation model (ICM) and k-means clustering algorithm–based crack detection considering the influence of pavement shadows. First, the shadow area was divided into the umbra area and the penumbra area according to the illumination mechanism. Then, the shadow removal methods for …