Assessment of groundwater ingress to a partially pressurized water-conveyance tunnel using a conduit-flow process model: a case study in Iran

Construction of a conveyance tunnel through rock often induces the ingress of groundwater into the tunnel, a flow that changes both the hydrogeological regime of the tunnel and its environment. To explore this key interaction, a novel modeling approach using the conduit flow process (CFP) is developed that considers both the hydraulic head and the ingress of water from the rock matrix during excavation. The resulting flow values are predicted …