Range and dose verification in proton therapy using proton-induced positron emitters and recurrent neural networks (RNNs)

Online proton range/dose verification based on measurements of proton-induced positron emitters is a promising strategy for quality assurance in proton therapy. Because of the nonlinear correlation between the dose distribution and the activity distribution of positron emitters, we aim to establish their relationship using recurrent neural network models (LSTM, BiLSTM, GRU, BiGRU and Seq2seq). Simulations were carried out with a spot-scanning …