Hierarchy of glycemic thresholds for counterregulatory hormone secretion, symptoms, and cerebral dysfunction

To define glycemic thresholds for activation of counterregulatory hormone secretion, initiation of symptoms (autonomic and neuroglycopenic), and onset of deterioration of cognitive function, we measured indexes of these responses during glycemic plateaus of 90, 78, 66, 54, and 42 mg/dl in 10 normal volunteers, with the use of the hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp technique. Activation of glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and growth hormone …