Part A: Temporal and dose-dependent transcriptional responses in the liver of fathead minnows following short term exposure to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon phenanthrene

Phenanthrene is a low molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) that is composed of three fused benzene rings. PAHs are formed naturally through incomplete combustion of organic materials, and are environmental contaminants due to anthropogenic activities (e.g. oil extraction and refining, industrial and municipal effluents, fossil fuel burning). Fish exposed to PAHs such as phenanthrene have been reported to exhibit altered …