Jugular Venous Flow Abnormalities in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Compared to Normal Controls

BACKGROUND: To determine if extracranial venous structural and flow abnormalities exist in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS: Magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess the anatomy and function of major veins in the neck in 138 MS patients and 67 healthy controls (HC). Time-of-flight MR angiography (MRA) was used to assess stenosis while 2-dimensional phase-contrast flow quantification was used to assess flow at the C2/C3 and …