Two- versus Four-Handed Techniques for Endonasal Resection of Orbital Apex Tumors

BACKGROUND: Open versus endonasal resection of orbital apex (OA) tumors is generally based on tumor size, location, and pathology. For endonasal resection, two- and four-handed techniques have been reported, but whether one technique is more optimal based on these tumor features has not been evaluated. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether two- versus four-handed techniques result in better outcomes after endoscopic resection of OA tumors, and …