Neurotrophins, inflammation and oxidative stress as illness activity biomarkers in bipolar disorder

Recent studies highlight the presence of systemic toxicity as an integral dimension of bipolar disorder pathophysiology, possibly linking this mood disorder with other medical conditions and comorbidities. This review summarizes recent findings on possible peripheral biomarkers of illness activity, with a focus on neurotrophins, inflammation and oxidative stress. The possible mechanisms underlying the systemic toxicity associated with acute episodes in bipolar disorder are also discussed. Finally, the authors outline novel therapies that emerge from this new research and the assessment of multiple biomarkers as a potential approach to improving management strategies in bipolar disorder.