Journal article
Refractory bipolar disorder and neuroprogression
Abstract
Immune activation and failure of physiologic compensatory mechanisms over time have been implicated in the pathophysiology of illness progression in bipolar disorder. Recent evidence suggests that such changes are important contributors to neuroprogression and may mediate the cross-sensitization of episode recurrence, trauma exposure and substance use. The present review aims to discuss the potential factors related to bipolar disorder …
Authors
da Costa SC; Passos IC; Lowri C; Soares JC; Kapczinski F
Journal
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, Vol. 70, , pp. 103–110
Publisher
Elsevier
Publication Date
October 2016
DOI
10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.09.005
ISSN
0278-5846