Digital Subtraction Angiography Versus RealTime Fluoroscopy for Detection of Intravascular
Penetration Prior to Epidural Steroid Injections:
Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies
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abstract
Background: Neurological injury is a rare but devastating complication of epidural steroid
injections (ESIs) generally thought to arise from neurovascular compromise. The use of real-time
fluoroscopy (RTF) with contrast media is the most common preventative measure taken to avoid
intravascular penetration. In 2002, it was proposed that digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
might be more useful than RTF. Since then, several prospective studies have advocated for its use.
Objectives: As DSA is not currently a “gold standard,” a meta-analysis was performed to
compare the efficacy of DSA versus RTF for detection of intravascular penetration during ESI.
Study Design: Meta-analysis of prospective observational studies.
Methods: A targeted Pubmed search was conducted, yielding 49 reports and 4 manuscripts,
which were analyzed using Review Manager Software (Rev Man 5.2). Inclusion/exclusion criteria:
peer-reviewed prospective reports comparing the sensitivity of DSA to RTF in the same individuals
without change in needle position between comparative imaging. Pooled estimate of odds ratios
with 95% confidence interval using a random effect model was applied.
Results: There were a total of 188 intravascular events from 1,290 ESIs performed. RTF was
able to detect 148 events with DSA detecting an additional 40 events missed by RTF. No major
neurological complications were reported. DSA had a statistically significant favorable odds ratio
over RTF for detection of intravascular penetration during ESI (OR = 1.32 [1.05 – 1.67]; P = 0.02).
Limitations: Although the major methodological aspects of each study assessed in this metaanalysis were quite similar, there were small differences in needle gauge and the selection of
secondary outcome measures. Despite attempts to minimize it, concern for operator bias also
exists.
Conclusions: DSA had a 32% improvement (OR = 1.32) for detection of intravascular penetration
with ESI when compared to RTF. Although this supports advocacy for use of DSA, it also suggests
that there is a greater than 30% “missed-events” rate for detection of vascular penetration
when using RTF for ESI, which does not correlate with the generally reported cumulative rates of
complications (1%). This discrepancy suggests that factors other than vascular events also play a
role in complications. Nonetheless, given the evidence, we advocate for the increased use of DSA
over RTF for transformational ESIs.
Key words: Digital subtraction angiography, real-time fluoroscopy, epidural steroid injection,
complications, outcomes, pain imaging, chronic pain, intravascular injection, meta-analysis
