Chapter 1 General introduction to nanotechnology-based sensors

This chapter explains the fundamental principles, practical applications, and recent progress in sensors operating at the nanoscale. Nanoparticles in sensor research have significantly transformed the field, as these materials possess exceptional features that can significantly improve sensitivity, selectivity, and functionality. This chapter examines various categories of nanosensors, such as optical, mechanical, magnetic, and fluorescent sensors. It emphasizes their operational principles and specialized uses in biomedical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and industrial processes. The chapter also describes how nanotechnology reduces the size of sensors while improving their functioning abilities, allowing for simultaneous and instantaneous detection of several substances at the nanoscale. The chapter also addresses obstacles such as biocompatibility, scalability, and integration into practical devices, in addition to outlining future directions and emerging trends in nanotechnology-based sensors.