Comprehensive review of cardiovascular disease in prostate cancer: epidemiology, risk factors, therapeutics and prevention strategies

BackgroundThe prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and disease is high in patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer (PC). Survivorship of PC patients is often determined by cardiovascular disease (CVD). Our review synthesizes the most recent literature exploring the dynamics between PC and CVD across the disease trajectory and treatments. We review key ongoing clinical trials in the field and highlight avenues for future study.MethodsWe conducted a comprehensive narrative review of the literature using various search strategies in three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov), focusing on literature published between 2000 and 2024.ResultsWe discuss the significance of CVD-related mortality in PC, review the risk factors, and highlight potential mechanisms for accelerated CVD in the androgen-deprivation setting. Furthermore, we summarize key literature of CVD and cardiotoxicity for various therapeutic approaches in PC, including orchiectomy, taxane-based chemotherapy, GnRH-axis targets, and next-generation hormonal agents and PARP inhibitors. Lastly, we discuss prevention strategies and the importance of multi-disciplinary care in this setting.ConclusionCVD is a major cause of death in men with PC. Various novel therapeutic approaches have been pivotal in improving oncologic outcomes, but emerging data demonstrate a complex interplay between the androgen axis and CVD that is likely affected by modern treatment strategies. Given the prolonged PC survivorship, unraveling non-oncologic related causes of death and investigating prevention strategies are imperative (Fig. 1).Fig. 1Landscape of prostate cancer.Spectrum of prostate cancer disease states (red) and interventions (yellow) with the potential role for optimization (green) to improve cardiovascular outcomes in the future (blue).