Intermittent fasting increases fat oxidation and promotes metabolic flexibility in lean mice but not obese type 2 diabetic mice

Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are associated with metabolic inflexibility, characterized by an impaired ability to switch between substrate storage and utilization pathways. Metabolic inflexibility during obesity is typified by lower engagement of fatty acid metabolism despite an ample supply of stored lipids. Intermittent fasting (IF) can promote metabolic flexibility. However, it is not clear how obesity and T2D alter metabolic flexibility after repeated IF. Male obese db/db and control db/+ mice were fasted for 24 h twice a week for 10 wk. This 5:2 IF regimen did not alter body mass, body composition, food intake, or physical activity in db/db or db/+ mice. After IF, db/db mice had lower fatty acid oxidation and higher carbohydrate oxidation in the fed state, indicating metabolic inflexibility to metabolize lipids. After IF, control db/+ mice had higher fatty acid oxidation and lower carbohydrate oxidation in the fed state, characteristic of metabolic flexibility, and increased engagement of lipid metabolism. In the fasted state, IF lowered carbohydrate oxidation and increased fatty acid oxidation in control db/+ mice but not in obese db/db mice. After IF, db/db mice also had lower serum β-hydroxybutyrate than control db/+ mice. Ten weeks of IF decreased adipocyte size in visceral adipose tissue of control db/+ mice, but this IF regimen did not change adipocyte size in obese db/db mice. Therefore, IF increases fatty acid oxidation and metabolic flexibility in lean mice, but this adaptation is absent in a mouse model of obesity and type 2 diabetes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that a 5:2 intermittent fasting regimen can increase lipid oxidation without altering body mass in lean mice. Therefore, repeated intermittent fasting can increase metabolic flexibility without the need for (or prior to) weight loss. Intermittent fasting did not increase lipid oxidation in mice with obesity and type 2 diabetes, highlighting that obesity and/or type 2 diabetes limit changes in metabolic flexibility and mitigate increased fatty acid oxidation without weight loss during intermittent fasting.