Linking Runoff to Groundwater in Permafrost Terrain

Frozen materials with abundant ground ice are impermeable to groundwater movement and storage. Suprapermafrost groundwater in the active layer (seasonally frozen and thawed zone) is limited in quantity but important for runoff generation. Subsurface flow of this shallow groundwater normally follows soil pipes or through the soil matrix, the latter being strongly influenced by the hydraulic conductivity of the soil material, notably peat which …