Evaluation of the heat pulse probe method for determining frozen soil moisture content

Heat pulse probes (HPP) have been widely utilized to determine soil thermal properties and water content in unfrozen soils; however, their applications in frozen soils are largely restricted by phase change and the presence of unfrozen water. This study explores the possibility of using HPP to determine total water content of frozen soils by (1) establishing the optimum heat applications to limit melting, (2) improving the mathematical …