Mixed interval–fuzzy two-stage integer programming and its application to flood-diversion planning

Innovative prevention, adaptation, and mitigation approaches as well as policies for sustainable flood management continue to be challenges faced by decision-makers. In this study, a mixed interval–fuzzy two-stage integer programming (IFTIP) method is developed for flood-diversion planning under uncertainty. This method improves upon the existing interval, fuzzy, and two-stage programming approaches by allowing uncertainties expressed as …