Two-dimensional hygrothermal modelling of masonry walls accounting for imperfections at the masonry joint

Hygrothermal models are important tool for assessing the risk of moisture-related decay mechanisms such as freeze-thaw in historic masonry structures. There are several sources of uncertainty when modelling masonry, related to material properties, boundary conditions, quality of construction and twodimensional interactions between mortar and unit. This paper examines one potential source of uncertainty; the imperfect nature of mortar joints. …