Change of physical properties from atomic and molecular states to condensed matter states

It is of great interest to study how the change of state from the monomer (atomic or molecular) state to the condensed matter state arises. For this cause we pay attention to changes of physical properties from the monomer state to the condensed matter state by examining the binding energy and the energy of formation of atomic and molecular clusters as a function of cluster size. We then show how phase transitions from the gaseous monomer states to the condensed matter states arise through the formation of intermediate cluster states leading to homogeneous or heterogeneous nucleation processes. In addition, we discuss how the onset of the Bose-Einstein condensation in high temperature superconductors may occur by showing some resemblance to the nucleation processes despite intrinsic physical differences between the two processes.