Improved Rigid Water Column Formulation for Simulating Slow Transients and Controlled Operations

Rigid water column (RWC) models simulate the unsteady-incompressible hydraulics of pressurized pipe networks. They conceptually lie between water hammer and quasi-steady models, yet despite their intrinsic strengths, existing RWC formulations suffer efficiency-, stability-, and interpretation-related challenges; thus, they are typically overlooked as a modeling alternative. To address the aforementioned limitations, this article presents the …