A novel PCR‐based genetic marker shows that sex of offspring does not account for hatch‐order effects on growth, survival and dominance in Pūkeko Porphyrio melanotus melanotusJournal Articles
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abstract
Intra‐brood competition can influence a variety of fitness‐related traits in birds. Previous research on the joint‐nesting Pūkeko Porphyrio melanotus melanotus, a New Zealand subspecies of Australasian Swamphen, showed that chicks that hatched earlier in a brood tended to grow faster, were more likely to survive and had higher dominance status as adults than later hatched nest‐mates. However, this finding could be due to changes in offspring sex ratio across hatch order (e.g. if males tend to hatch earlier), which was not previously examined because of methodological challenges associated with sexing nestling Pūkeko. Here, we report a useful PCR‐based genetic marker to determine the sex of Pūkeko. We then used new sex‐specific data to re‐examine patterns of offspring growth, survival and dominance. We found that the sex of offspring does not account for the hatching‐order patterns related to social dominance, growth or survival. Furthermore, changes in offspring sex ratio across hatching‐order were negligible and offspring sex ratios did not differ significantly between the primary female and secondary female broods (in joint‐clutch nests), or when comparing primary female and single female broods. We found no clear evidence for sex ratio bias according to hatching‐order and conclude that hatching‐order and not offspring sex explain patterns of growth, survivorship and adult dominance in Pūkeko.
