Hurricane Ingrid and Tropical Storm Hanna’s effects on the salinity of the coastal aquifer, Quintana Roo, Mexico

There is a lack of information on aquifer dynamics in anchialine systems, especially in the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico. Most of our knowledge is based on “spot” measurements of the aquifer with no long-term temporal monitoring. In this study spanning four years (2012–2016), sensors (water depth and conductivity (salinity)) were deployed and positioned (−9 and −10m) in the meteoric Water Mass (WM) close to the transition with the marine WM (halocline) in 2 monitoring sites within the Yax Chen cave system to investigate precipitation effects on the salinity of the coastal aquifer. The results show variation in salinity (<1ppt) of the freshwater over seasonal cycles of wet and dry (approx. 6.5–7.25ppt), depending on the position of the halocline. The aquifer response to larger precipitation events (>95mm) such as Hurricane Ingrid (2013) and Tropical Storm Hanna (2014) shows meteoric water mass salinity rapidly increasing (approx. 6.39 to >8.6ppt), but these perturbations have a shorter duration (weeks and days). Wavelet analysis of the salinity record indicates seasonal mixing effects in agreement with the wet and dry periods, but also seasonal effects of tidal mixing (meteoric and marine water masses) occurring on shorter time scales (diurnal and semi-diurnal). These results demonstrate that the salinity of the freshwater lens is influenced by precipitation and turbulent mixing with the marine WM. The salinity response is scaled with precipitation; larger more intense rainfall events (>95mm) create a larger response in terms of the magnitude and duration of the salinity perturbation (>1ppt). The balance of precipitation and its intensity controls the temporal and spatial patterning of meteoric WM salinity.