Chronic Nicotine Blunts Hypoxic Sensitivity in Perinatal Rat Adrenal Chromaffin Cells via Upregulation of KATPChannels: Role of α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-2α
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abstract
Fetal nicotine exposure blunts hypoxia-induced catecholamine secretion from neonatal adrenomedullary chromaffin cells (AMCs), providing a link between maternal smoking, abnormal arousal responses, and risk of sudden infant death syndrome. Here, we show that the mechanism is attributable to upregulation of KATPchannels via stimulation of α7 nicotinic ACh receptors (AChRs). These KATPchannels open during hypoxia, thereby suppressing membrane excitability. Afterin uteroexposure to chronic nicotine, neonatal AMCs show a blunted hypoxic sensitivity as determined by inhibition of outward K+current, membrane depolarization, rise in cytosolic Ca2+, and catecholamine secretion. However, hypoxic sensitivity could be unmasked in nicotine-exposed AMCs when glibenclamide, a blocker of KATPchannels, was present. Both KATPcurrent density and KATPchannel subunit (Kir 6.2) expression were significantly enhanced in nicotine-exposed cells relative to controls. The entire sequence could be reproduced in culture by exposing neonatal rat AMCs or immortalized fetal chromaffin (MAH) cells to nicotine for ∼1 week, and was prevented by coincubation with selective blockers of α7 nicotinic AChRs. Additionally, coincubation with inhibitors of protein kinase C and CaM kinase, but not protein kinase A, prevented the effects of chronic nicotinein vitro. Interestingly, chronic nicotine failed to blunt hypoxia-evoked responses in MAH cells bearing short hairpin knockdown (>90%) of the transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α), suggesting involvement of the HIF pathway. The therapeutic potential of KATPchannel blockers was validated in experiments in which hypoxia-induced neonatal mortality in nicotine-exposed pups was significantly reduced after pretreatment with glibenclamide.
