Upward flux of vapor from frozen materials in the High Arctic

This study demonstrates the formation of depth hoar by upward vapor transport from frozen soils in the Canadian High Arctic. The saturated boggy site produced more hoar than the non-saturated gravelly site nearby but, compared with interior Alaska, the amount produced was one order of magnitude less. The difference is attributed mainly to the reduced soil temperature gradient in a cold, polar environment which is less favorable to vapor transfer.