Energy and Costs of Leaky Pipes: Toward Comprehensive Picture

Leaky distribution systems are costly in terms of lost water, potentially adverse water quality effects, and the energy consumed in supplying the leaks. To characterize the energy effectiveness of a leaky segment in a single pipe, several dimensionless parameters are analytically derived, which relate the leak size and location to its associated energy burden and water loss. The computer program EPANET is used to simulate the energy costs of …