Bone–titanium oxide interface in humans revealed by transmission electron microscopy and electron tomography

Osseointegration, the direct contact between an implant surface and bone tissue, plays a critical role in interfacial stability and implant success. Analysis of interfacial zones at the micro- and nano-levels is essential to determine the extent of osseointegration. In this paper, a series of state-of-the-art microscopy techniques are used on laser-modified implants retrieved from humans. Partially laser-modified implants were retrieved after …