Fungi of the family Gomphaceae are ecologically and economically very important. However, due to their morphological complexity and limited phylogenetic information on the taxa in this family, our understanding of its systematics and evolution remains rudimentary. Based on the most recent classification, Gomphaceae included 16 genera with genus Ramaria sensu lato being the most species rich. In traditional classification systems, Ramaria sensu lato was divided into four subgenera: Echinoramaria, Laeticolora, Lentoramaria, and Ramaria. However, recent phylogenetic analysis segregated subgenus Echinoramaria into an independent genus Phaeoclavulina. Here we explored the phylogenetic relationships among taxa within family Gomphaceae and related genera in other families within the order Gomphales. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using concatenated sequences of 1025 single-copy orthologs from 66 representative species, along with two-gene (ITS and nrLSU) phylogenetic analyses based on 506 samples. Our data revealed that the previously classified Gomphaceae is a non-monophyletic group and led to the following main changes: (1) Members of traditional subgenus Lentoramaria are distant from others in Gomphaceae and this subgenus is separated into five new genera (Acutiramaria, Brachyramaria, Gracimaria, Lentoramaria and Rubellaria); (2) Some species of subgenus Laeticolora, particularly those with pale purple coloration, are transferred to genus Gomphus; (3) The remaining members of subgenus Laeticolora are merged into genus Ramaria, retaining a relatively broad classification of genus Ramaria; and (4) Gautieria and Turbinellus are nested within the genus Ramaria, with Gautieria clustering with subgenus Ramaria and Turbinellus grouping with subgenus Laeticolora. Overall, five new genera and 113 species including 68 new ones and 13 new combinations were identified and described.
