Previous research identified high levels of burnout in the Canadian public health workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study presents the prevalence of burnout, associated participant demographic and workplace characteristics, and associated secondary outcomes among Canadian public health physicians and residents one year after the end of the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected using an online survey distributed through Canadian public health associations and professional networks between April and May 2024. Validated tools were used to measure burnout (Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI)), screen for anxiety (GAD-2) and depression (PHQ-2), and professional fulfillment (Stanford Professional Fulfillment Index). Additional binary (yes/no) questions were asked on workplace safety topics (e.g., threats, assaults, being bullied) and professional plans. Fisher’s exact test and logistic regressions were used to model the association between burnout and sequelae of burnout, including symptoms of depression and anxiety, and professional fulfillment. Among 118 physicians who completed the OLBI, the prevalence of burnout was 63.6%. Additionally, 41.2% of physicians reported being threatened, assaulted or bullied during the pandemic. Physicians who screened positive for anxiety (19.3%) and depression (7.6%) had higher odds of burnout (OR 4.79, 95% CI 1.29-26.90, p = 0.01 and OR 2.10, 95% CI 0.38-21.65, p = 0.48, respectively). Moreover, physicians who had low levels of professional fulfillment (84.9%) also had higher odds of burnout (OR 12.5, 95% CI 3.21-72.76, p < 0.001). The prevalence of burnout among Canadian public health physicians and residents remains high post-pandemic and was associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety and low professional fulfillment. By implementing interventions to prevent and mitigate burnout, and promote recovery, the public health system will be better positioned to recruit and retain physicians to serve the population.