Community-Scale Energy System Planning Under Uncertainty: A Case Study of St. Catharines, Ontario

To mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions within the constraints of a limited government budget, efficient and effective energy system planning is crucial. While extensive research has been conducted on regional energy systems planning, there is a growing focus on community-scale planning due to its closer connection to end-users. In this study, a community-scale energy system planning model is developed for the City of St. Catharines in …