A preliminary comparison of bellringer performance across three visual modalities for the assessment of anatomy knowledge

Anatomy education is an inherently visual field, particularly in bellringer (BR) testing, which requires learners to identify anatomical structures on human-donated specimens. While the traditional use of these physical specimens in BR testing has long remained the standard, three-dimensional (3D) viewing in virtual reality platforms and two-dimensional (2D) images of specimens on paper have become common alternatives due to the ease and …