Seismic behavior and resistant systems of girder bridges with tall piers: A comprehensive and state-of-the-art review

This study provides a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in seismic design and resilience for girder bridges with tall piers, a critical infrastructure component in mountainous and canyon regions. With the increasing complexity of topographical challenges, especially in southwest China, tall piers exceeding 40 m have become indispensable in navigating these spatial constraints. However, their significant mass distribution and high height-to-width ratios introduce complex seismic behavior, making them vulnerable to earthquake-induced damages. This study synthesizes various definitions of tall piers across seismic design codes and explores the unique seismic behavior characteristics that classify these structures as irregular. We critically evaluate the efficacy of conventional seismic ductility and isolation systems, underscored by case studies of observed damages in major earthquakes. Innovations in seismic-resistant systems, including the adoption of Concrete Filled Steel Tube (CFST) tall piers and Rocking Self-centering (RSC) systems, are highlighted for their potential to enhance the durability and recovery capabilities of girder bridges post-earthquake. Despite advancements, challenges in post-earthquake rehabilitation, theoretical frameworks, and cost-effectiveness persist, necessitating further research. This study concludes by identifying future research directions aimed at extending innovative RSC technology to girder bridges with tall piers, improving seismic performance assessments, and refining the quantification of higher-mode effects. Through a systematic review, this study aims to pave the way for further innovation and application of advanced seismic-resistant technologies in the construction of girder bridges with tall piers, enhancing their resilience against seismic threats.